‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
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Explain6 marks2026Q55‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why American colonists were unhappy with the laws introduced by the British government.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q56‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
To what extent were the arguments of Tom Paine the main reason why some British people sympathised with America during the War of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q57‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the difficulties experienced by American soldiers during the War of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — is from a letter written by an American officer in 1776.
As to the state of our army, it is very hard to tell. Some of the men lack discipline, which has caused many injuries as a result of the careless use of guns. It is not so healthy in the camp; many are unfit for duty by reason of severe colds. Great numbers of the militia have deserted their posts leaving us below strength. We are expecting to receive our orders tonight and will move out tomorrow.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully6 marks2026Q58‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source B describe what happened during the Battle of Yorktown?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes what happened during the Battle of Yorktown.
Cornwallis headed north towards Virginia and, in August 1781, began to construct a base at Yorktown. Washington’s joint force of 16,000 French and American men arrived in September and laid siege to the town. Washington had planned the operation perfectly. Cornwallis and his men were trapped on the Yorktown peninsula. French ships arrived and fought off the British fleet, giving them vital control of Chesapeake Bay. After a three-week siege, Cornwallis surrendered to Washington. Yorktown turned the tide of the war for the Americans.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Describe4 marks2025Q51‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe what happened during the Boston Massacre, 1770.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
(On 5 March) an argument broke out at a Customs House
soldiers guarding the Customs House were attacked by a mob
the crowd were ordered to disperse but refused
the mob threw hard–packed snowballs at the soldiers
the troops opened fire on the crowd
five Bostonians were killed
seven people were wounded
the British Officer in charge was arrested for manslaughter
Explain6 marks2025Q52‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why conflict escalated between Britain and some American colonists, 1774–1776.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
some colonists were frustrated that the British government were preventing them from expanding west
the presence of British soldiers in the colonies increased resentment
the colonists felt that the British government had no right to tax them without consent
formation of the Continental Congress in 1774 co-ordinated colonial opposition and increased anti-British feeling
the First Continental Congress re-organised the colonial militias which increased the likelihood of conflict
a trade boycott was organised which banned the importation of British goods and increased tension
fighting at Lexington and Concord led to increased military preparations across the colonies
the Second Continental Congress led to the formation of the Continental Army under George Washington
British deaths at Bunker Hill hardened British resolve to punish the colonists
George III refused to acknowledge attempts at reconciliation, for example, the Olive Branch Petition
Compare the views4 marks2025Q53‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources A and B about British sympathy with the American cause.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about British sympathy with the American cause.
Some say America has succeeded due to her connection with Britain. Yet America’s economy will flourish much more without British involvement. America would thrive without Britain as they could avoid being dragged into European wars. As Europe is their market for trade, America should focus on making money. It is a mystery to me as to why America should be told what to do by a far-away British government.
Source B
There is something absurd in America being governed by Britain which is so distant from it. Some in Britain would sympathise with the protests against unfair rule. The plain fact is that America’s wealth will grow more without Britain’s influence. If America can keep away from European disputes, they will be much better off in every way. America loves freedom and will never give in to the threats or force.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about British sympathisers with America.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Yet America’s economy will flourish much more without British involvement.
Source B: The plain fact is that America’s wealth will grow without Britain’s influence.
agree
Source A: America would thrive without Britain as they could avoid being dragged into European wars.
Source B: If America can keep away from European disputes, they will be much better off in every way.
agree
Source A: It is a mystery to me as to why America should be told what to do by a far-away British government.
Source B: There is something absurd in America being governed by Britain which is so distant from it.
To what extent9 marks2025Q54‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
To what extent was a lack of supplies the main problem facing British soldiers during the War of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Lack of supplies
colonial troops destroyed crops as they retreated leaving little food for the British
soldiers tried to requisition supplies from occupied areas, but this made them unpopular
soldiers were fighting far from home which led to delays to reinforcements, food and munitions
Poor leadership
British generals made mistakes
officers had to wait for orders from Britain which prevented them from seizing the initiative
Colonist guerilla tactics
the British were not used to the colonists’ irregular fighting style
local militias conducted surprise attacks on British regiments
colonists were reluctant to engage in open battle and made tactical retreats
Foreign terrain
the soldiers did not know the land which put them at a disadvantage
British troops were often outnumbered in battle
British soldiers suffered from the hot American climate
How fully6 marks2025Q55‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source C describe the Declaration of Independence, 1776?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the Declaration of Independence, 1776.
By 1776, many Americans like Thomas Jefferson believed a document was necessary to outline their views. The Declaration of Independence openly criticised King George for not passing laws for the public good. It stated that the people had the right to abolish any form of government that did not protect their freedoms. The Declaration also asserted the states were to have full power to declare war and conclude peace. They also had the power to form alliances and establish trade agreements with other nations.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Declaration of Independence openly criticised King George for not passing laws for the public good. (The King did not create laws for the good of the people.)
It stated that the people had the right to abolish any form of government that did not protect their freedoms. (People had the right to get rid of any government which did not rule in their interests.)
The Declaration also asserted the states were to have full power to declare war and conclude peace. (The colonists had the power to start and end conflict with other nations.)
They also had the power to form alliances and establish trade agreements with other nations. (The United States claimed powers to negotiate agreements with other countries.)
Points of significant omission
declared the United States free and independent of Great Britain
stated all men were created equal
stated all men were born with inalienable rights, for example, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
criticised King George for dissolving their assemblies
accused Britain of taxing colonies without consent
Describe4 marks2024Q51'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe what happened during the Boston Tea Party.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
at the start of the war, the arrival of a British ship carrying tea sparked protests in Boston, for example, the Dartmouth
the Sons of Liberty sent guards to make sure no tea was unloaded
by December, two other ships had arrived, carrying tea from China
a large group of colonists refused to pay taxes on the tea
some Bostonians dressed up as Native Americans and boarded the ships at night
many chests of tea were thrown overboard, for example, 342
a large crowd gathered to watch
a naval warship and troops stationed nearby did not intervene
Compare the views4 marks2024Q52'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Townshend Duties.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Townshend Duties.
The Townshend Duties raised unpopular taxes on the colonists, including duties on lead, paper and tea. Colonial courts were undermined by increasing the power of the British navy's vice-admiralty courts. Britain decided to introduce the new duties to help cover the cost of salaries paid to governors and judges in the colonies. Townshend also moved British troops to the east, where the colonists were forced to provide free accommodation for them.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the Townshend Duties.
The Right Honourable Charles Townshend MP oversaw the enforcing of the Quartering Act. Local communities were offered a small fee for British officers being allowed to stay in their homes. In fact, many people did not object to the Townshend Duties on tea and lead because the amounts raised were so small. The new taxes were introduced to help Britain pay back the debts created by the Seven Years' War.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the Townshend Duties.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The Townshend Duties raised unpopular taxes on the colonists, including duties on lead, paper and tea.
Source B: In fact, many people did not object to the Townshend Duties on tea and lead because the amounts raised were so small.
disagree
Source A: Britain decided to introduce the new duties to help cover the cost of salaries paid to governors and judges in the colonies.
Source B: The new taxes were introduced to help Britain pay back the debts created by the Seven Years' War.
disagree
Source A: Townshend also moved British troops to the east, where the colonists were forced to provide free accommodation for them.
Source B: Local communities were offered a small fee for British officers being allowed to stay in their homes.
Explain6 marks2024Q53'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why some British people sympathised with the American colonists during the War of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
radicals in Britain supported American demands for reform as they also wanted reform at home, for example, no taxation without representation
radicals in Britain believed that threats to American liberty also threatened their own
many radicals in Britain had close friendships with colonists
some British people were opposed to war in general and disagreed with the government taking up arms
political pamphlets persuaded many British people that the colonists were justified, for example, Tom Paine Common Sense
some British people agreed with American objections to raising taxes for spending in Britain, for example, Edmund Burke
some argued against using force against the colonists as they would not surrender due to their love of freedom
some wanted to appease the colonists rather than resorting to conflict in order to protect trade, for example, merchants
How fully6 marks2024Q54'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why American forces experienced difficulties during the War of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why American forces experienced difficulties during the War of Independence.
At the start of the war, the militia were unreliable because militiamen only served for a few months at a time. They lacked the training and discipline of regular soldiers. In June 1775, the Continental Congress organised the Continental Army. However, Washington's army was often too small to challenge the British as he had no more than 20,000 men fighting at any one time. The Americans were also at risk of being raided by Native Americans who fought with Britain during the War of Independence.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
At the start of the war, the militia were unreliable because militiamen only served for a few months at a time. (Local militiamen could not be relied upon to fight for long periods of time.)
They lacked the training and discipline of regular soldiers. (Militiamen were not professional soldiers so lacked military knowledge.)
However, Washington's army was often too small to challenge the British as he had no more than 20,000 men fighting at any one time. (American forces were at a disadvantage as they were much smaller than the British army.)
The Americans were also at risk of being raided by Native Americans who fought with Britain during the War of Independence. (American forces faced the threat of surprise attacks from Native American tribes who agreed to fight with the British.)
Points of significant omission
at the beginning of the war, the American army lacked an effective national government to co-ordinate their war effort
the American economy was disrupted by the war leading to shortages of military supplies, for example food, firearms, munitions
American soldiers remained loyal to their individual states and were reluctant to fight elsewhere
a large number of Americans remained loyal to Britain, weakening the American cause
Britain hired mercenary soldiers, putting American forces at a numerical disadvantage, for example, Hessians
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q55'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the impact of French intervention on the War of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D — is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2015.
In 1778, America looked abroad for help in the war against Britain. French intervention meant Britain had to move most of its military resources to defend its territories in Africa, India and the West Indies. French ships arrived in American waters in 1778 which protected American forces from the British navy. French intervention had other benefits for the Americans. Spain joined the war as France's ally and threatened to invade Britain, which weakened the British navy's presence in America.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian — Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the War of Independence.
Type of Source: textbook — Useful as a published work will have factual information about French intervention in the War of Independence.
Purpose: to inform — Useful as it is intended to provide a balanced account of the impact of French intervention.
Timing: 2015 — Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
French intervention meant Britain had to move most of its military resources to defend its territories in Africa, India and the West Indies. (Useful because it is accurate (French intervention did cause Britain to divert attention to the protection of the Empire).)
French ships arrived in American waters in 1778 which protected American forces from the British navy. (Useful because it is accurate (France did send ships to help the American colonists).)
Spain joined the war as France's ally and threatened to invade Britain, which weakened the British navy's presence in America. (Useful because it is accurate (Spain entered the war to support France and led to fears of invasion).)
Points of significant omission
France provided the colonial forces with money to help them continue fighting
France provided other military assistance, for example, troops and gunpowder
the French navy made it difficult for Britain to resupply its forces in America
the French tried to put pressure on Britain by attempting to take British possessions, for example, Jersey, Gibraltar
How fully6 marks2023Q55‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source A describe what happened during the Gaspee incident?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes what happened during the Gaspee incident.
Tensions between American colonists and British soldiers had been growing for some time. The Royal Navy patrolled the American coast in search of smugglers and enforcing customs laws. The HMS Gaspee seized every boat it could, and raided Rhode Island farms for supplies. This made the locals unhappy, but Admiral Montagu warned he would hang anyone who interfered with the Gaspee’s work. In June 1772, the Gaspee ran aground in pursuit of a small merchant vessel. Local fishermen and merchants seized their chance and boarded the ship during the night.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The HMS Gaspee seized every boat it could, and raided Rhode Island farms for supplies (The navy seized the property of the locals which created resentment.)
This made the locals unhappy, but Admiral Montagu warned he would hang anyone who interfered with the Gaspee’s work. (The navy used severe punishments which increased hostility towards British rule.)
In June 1772, the Gaspee ran aground in pursuit of a small merchant vessel. (The Gaspee became stranded close to shore.)
Local fishermen and merchants seized their chance and boarded the ship during the night. (Locals took control of the Gaspee under cover of darkness.)
Points of significant omission
the skipper was shot and forced ashore
the skipper was arrested by the local sheriff for an earlier seizure of colonial cargo
the Gaspee was set alight and burned to the waterline
the crew were taken prisoner and held captive in a cellar
local courts brought charges against the crew of the Gaspee for illegally seizing goods
the locals who led the attack were easily identified by the crew, but no arrests were ever made
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q56‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of colonial loyalty to Britain.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — from a leaflet written by a colonial loyalist in 1776
Source B is from a leaflet written by a colonial loyalist in 1776.
Owing to our shared background, Britain has powerfully assisted our merchants and farmers and our settlements have prospered. I am perfectly satisfied that the protection of Great Britain will secure us peace within these lands. There are those among us who resent the burden of taxation we currently carry as a result of the war with France. However, we have much better security from invasions as a result of the largest and best disciplined army under heaven.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: a colonial loyalist (Useful because he was an eyewitness and a loyalist.)
Type of Source: leaflet (Useful as it reflects the attitudes of loyalists.)
Purpose: to persuade (Useful as it shows the arguments of the loyalists. Less useful as it is biased.)
Timing: 1776 (Useful as it is from the time when many colonists were divided over loyalty to Britain.)
Content
Owing to our shared background, Britain has powerfully assisted our merchants and farmers and our settlements have prospered. (Useful because it is accurate (many loyalists believed that trade with Britain had allowed the colonies to proser).)
I am perfectly satisfied that the protection of Great Britain will secure us peace within these lands. (Useful because it is accurate (many loyalists believed independence would lead to the breakdown of law and order).)
However, we have much better security from invasions as a result of the largest and best disciplined army under heaven. (Useful because it is accurate (many loyalists believed the British army protected them from foreign invasion).)
Points of significant omission
many enslaved people remained loyal to the British Empire, for example, they were offered their freedom
more recent immigrants remained loyal as they had just arrived
the British army paid bounties to colonists to join loyalist regiments
some loyalists feared the spread of revolutionary ideas
Explain6 marks2023Q57‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why British forces experienced difficulties fighting during the war.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
British soldiers did not know the terrain they were fighting on
British forces were fighting far from home which meant supplies took months to arrive
troops had to protect American ports under British control, which reduced the number of soldiers available for battle
colonial troops destroyed crops as they retreated, leading to shortages in supplies
the British Army was unpopular as they took supplies from the areas they occupied
British foraging parties found it hard to gather supplies due to attacks from the militia
colonial forces used guerrilla tactics to wear down British soldiers
the presence of mercenaries in the British army created hostility amongst colonists
British tactics made them easy fighting targets, for example, soldiers in straight lines, firing by volley
To what extent9 marks2023Q58(a)‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
To what extent was the leadership of George Washington the main reason for American victory in the War of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
George Washington
he was a skilled leader who led the Continental Army to victory in key battles, for example, Yorktown
he maintained strict discipline in the Continental Army
he kept up morale and inspired devotion in his troops
American strengths
State militias were able to control most of the country not occupied by the British
Americans had other experienced commanders who trained the army well, for example, von Steuben
Foreign intervention
France supplied the colonists with finance
France provided military assistance and supplies
French ships attacked British shipping in the Atlantic
a Franco-Spanish force threatened Britain with invasion in 1779
Poor British leadership
communication between Government and military commanders was poor
the attacks by British military and naval commanders were uncoordinated
some military commanders were too cautious and missed opportunities to destroy Washington’s army, for example, Howe
To what extent9 marks2023Q58(b)‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
To what extent was the Battle of Lexington the main reason why the conflict escalated between Britain and the American colonies between 1774 and 1776?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Continental Congresses
produced a Declaration of Rights which stated the colonies could not be taxed by Parliament without representation
endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, which called for resistance to British rule
acted as a national government, for example, raising armies and issuing currency
Actions of Government
refused to lift the duty on tea which damaged colonial trade
passed the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts which closed off Boston Port
passed the American Prohibitory Act which ordered all trade with the colonies cease
Actions of British armed forces
the continuing presence of British soldiers in the colonies caused tension
colonies were responsible for housing troops which created resentment
British troops seized cannons and ammunition from local settlements
Troop clashes
British troops tried to seize weapons from colonists at Lexington and Concord but fighting broke out
militiamen from neighbouring colonies marched to defend Boston and further fighting occurred at Bunker Hill
Describe4 marks2022Q51‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe the ways in which the British Government tried to raise revenue in the American colonies up to 1774.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
The Revenue Act (Sugar Act) 1764 cut duty on sugar and molasses
The Revenue Act (Sugar Act) 1764 was more strictly enforced than previous legislation
Currency Act 1764 placed a ban on colonial paper money
Stamp Act 1765 required stamps to be fixed to all legal documents, commercial papers, newspapers and pamphlets
Declaratory Act 1766 asserted that laws passed by Parliament were legally binding within the colonies, including those raising taxes
Townshend Duties 1767 imposed duties on colonial imports of glass, wine, China, lead, paint, paper and tea
Tea Act 1773 permitted the East India Company to export tea to the colonies directly but the colonists had to continue paying the Townshend duties
To what extent9 marks2022Q52‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How important were the benefits of the British Empire as a reason why some colonists remained loyal to Britain during the war?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Benefits of the British Empire
British trade had helped make many colonists wealthy
some colonists had positions of influence within the British administration and wanted to protect this
Loyalists wanted to continue receiving protection from the British Army, for example, against Native American tribes
Loyalty to Britain
King George III still commanded respect among many colonists
many groups had sworn loyalty to the crown so felt obligated to keep their oaths
most colonists had British ancestors and were proud of being British
prominent individuals such as Flora Macdonald remained loyal to Britain and encouraged other Highlanders to do the same
Fear of unknown
some colonists feared that without British institutions law and order would break down
most loyalists were conservative and feared the spread of revolutionary ideas
Incentives
the British army paid bounties to colonists to join loyalist regiments, which enticed many poorer Americans
the British government promised to free slaves who fled their patriot masters’ plantations.
Compare the views4 marks2022Q53‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the events in Lexington and Concord in 1775.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the events in Lexington and Concord in 1775.
The first shots of the war were fired at Lexington, although it is still not clear who fired first. General Gage had sent 700 men from Boston to Concord to seize rebel arms. The British soldiers had been given permission to use force, if necessary, to control the population. When they reached Lexington, shots were fired and eight colonists were killed. The British destroyed the military stores at Concord and then turned back to Boston.
Source B
On the night of 18 April, hundreds of troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to capture a weapons reserve. When they arrived in Lexington, they came across militiamen gathered on the town green. They had just been ordered to disperse when a shot rang out. To this day, no one knows which side began the fighting. When the smoke cleared, eight militiamen were dead and nine were wounded.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about the events which took place in Lexington and Concord.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The first shots of the war were fired at Lexington, although it is still not clear who fired first.
Source B: To this day, no one knows which side began the fighting.
agree
Source A: General Gage had sent 700 men from Boston to Concord to seize rebel arms.
Source B: On the night of 18 April, hundreds of troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to capture a weapons reserve.
agree
Source A: When they reached Lexington, shots were fired, and eight colonists were killed.
Source B: When the smoke cleared, eight militiamen were dead and nine were wounded.
Explain6 marks2022Q54‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why American colonial forces experienced difficulties at the beginning of the war.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the American colonists had to build a professional army, which was time consuming
states were slow to fulfil their troop quotas for the Continental Army, which resulted in shortages in the number of soldiers available
the American colonists remained 13 distinct states guarding their own interests, reluctant to fight in other states
the American colonists lacked unity which made coordination of troops and resources difficult
many recruits lacked military experience so struggled against a professional British Army
the American colonists suffered from shortages for example, fuel, food, firearms
most Native American tribes supported the British, causing American forces to be heavily outnumbered
the American colonists lacked a strong navy to challenge the Royal Navy moving British soldiers and supplies
How fully6 marks2022Q55(a)‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source C describe the role of George Washington during the Wars of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the role of George Washington during the Wars of Independence.
George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner before the war began. After being made Commander in Chief, he forced the British to withdraw by placing artillery on Dorchester Heights in Boston. He planned a successful hit and run attack at Trenton in December 1776. Washington kept up the morale of his troops throughout the war. He commanded American and French troops at Yorktown in 1781 which resulted in a humiliating surrender for the British.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
After being made Commander in Chief, he forced the British to withdraw by placing artillery on Dorchester Heights in Boston. (Washington forced the British to withdraw from Boston.)
He planned a successful hit and run attack at Trenton in December 1776. (Washington had military success at Trenton.)
Washington kept up the morale of his troops throughout the war. (Washington encouraged and supported his troops.)
He commanded American and French troops at Yorktown in 1781 which resulted in a humiliating surrender for the British. (Washington’s command at Yorktown forced the British to surrender.)
Points of significant omission
Washington worked hard to keep the Continental Army alive despite severe shortages for example, Valley Forge
he trained and improved the quality of American soldiers
he demanded better treatment for American soldiers from the Continental Congress, helping to secure supplies of food and munitions
he used the army to protect colonists from British foraging parties
he contained British forces in New York, rather than attempting to take the city
he convinced Congress to grant a 5-year bonus for soldiers in March 1783, preventing a near-mutiny
How fully6 marks2022Q55(b)‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source D describe the experience of the British army during the Wars of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the experience of the British army during the Wars of Independence.
Compared to American forces, the British army was a reliable steady force of professionals. The great majority of new British recruits became efficient soldiers as a result of sound training and strong discipline. British soldiers fought under officers who had little formal training. However, soldiers found that most officers were very experienced from fighting in Britain’s many wars, which American officers were not. That said, the British army was under the command of generals who tended to have a lack of imagination and initiative.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The great majority of new British recruits became efficient soldiers as a result of sound training and strong discipline. (British soldiers were well trained and so fought well.)
British soldiers fought under officers who had little formal training. (British officers tended not to have formal military training.)
Soldiers found that most officers were very experienced from fighting in Britain’s many wars. (Most officers had a lot of fighting experience.)
The British army was under the command of generals who tended to have a lack of imagination and initiative. (Generals tended not have good leadership skills.)
Points of significant omission
in some battles, the British were outnumbered by American forces
the British Army suffered from delays in orders from London
British uniforms were unsuitable for fighting in North America
British troops were not used to colonial guerrilla warfare
British soldiers carried smooth-bore muskets that took time to load
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q51'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of tensions created by the defeat of France in 1763.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2017
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2017.
When the 'Seven Years War' had ended in 1763, there were many tensions between Britain and her colonies. When Britain was at war with France, America was found to have been continuing to trade with France. As a result of this, British politicians called for tighter controls and restrictions over the Empire as a whole. In order to do this, Britain would need to leave an army behind in America, which created further strain on their relationship.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful as they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because it will have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose (to inform): Useful as it gives detailed information about the tensions created by the defeat of France.
Timing (2017): Useful as it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
When Britain was at war with France, America was found to have been continuing trade with France. (Useful because it is accurate that the French had close links with the colonies and continued to trade with America despite being at war with Britain.)
(As a result of this) British politicians called for tighter controls and restrictions over the empire. (Useful because it is accurate that British politicians did want more restrictions over the empire.)
(In order to do this) Britain would need to leave an army behind, which created further strain on their relationship. (Useful because it is accurate as Britain leaving an army behind in the colonies was a source of increasing tension.)
Points of significant omission
many British leaders believed that America should pay contributions towards their defence
the war was extremely expensive meaning that Britain was looking to recuperate some of the costs with new ways to raise revenue
colonists were known for evading British rules and regulations
Britain tried to limit western expansion of colonists to protect its own interests.
Explain6 marks2021Q52'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why the conflict between Britain and its American colonies escalated between 1774 and 1776.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
American colonists were being taxed without representation in the British Parliament
the passing of the Stamp Act and Townshend Duties in 1760s had been very hated policies
there was an increase in anti-British feeling due to events such as the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party
continuing presence of British soldiers in the colonies had caused tension
some colonists were frustrated that the British were stopping them from moving west
some colonists felt that the policies of the British government were damaging trade
the First Continental Congress in 1774 had created a feeling of anti-British unity among the leaders of the colonies
the colonists started to establish their own armed forces following the First Continental Congress in 1774
clashes between British forces and colonists at Lexington and Concord in 1775 led to the outbreak of war.
Compare the views4 marks2021Q53'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the Battle of Bunker Hill.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the Battle of Bunker Hill.
The Battle of Bunker Hill was a great victory for the British forces. The British soldiers were well trained and equipped, meaning that they would not take risks and make errors in judgement. Reports of the battle stated that there were a great deal of casualties with estimates of up to 400 colonists killed compared to 226 British troops. After Bunker Hill the British Army became even more unpopular in the American colonies.
Source C
The American commander was careful not to waste ammunition, ordering his men not to fire too early. Although the British Army was well prepared, they did not always use their training and their bright uniforms were a disadvantage. The colonists suffered less than half of the British casualties. Overall, the events of Bunker Hill were a huge embarrassment for the British Army. The colonists gained a great deal of confidence and were encouraged to continue their fight.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the battle of Bunker Hill.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source B: Bunker Hill was a great victory for the British forces.
Source C: Overall, the events of Bunker Hill were a huge embarrassment for the British army.
disagree
Source B: The British soldiers were well trained and equipped, meaning that they would not take risks and make errors in judgement.
Source C: Although the British army was well prepared, they did not always use their training and their bright uniforms were a disadvantage.
disagree
Source B: Reports of the battle stated that there was a great deal of casualties with estimates of up to 400 colonists killed compared to 226 British troops.
Source C: The colonists suffered less than half of the British casualties.
Describe4 marks2021Q54'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe the nature of the fighting during the American Revolution.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the revolutionaries were able to regain the territory as they had the advantage of knowing the land well (for example, Princeton and Yorktown)
the colonists could use knowledge of the land to avoid capture
they could withdraw safely and return to fight the next day, making it difficult for the British to defeat them
the revolutionaries initially avoided large scale engagements/fought a guerrilla campaign
British tended to react to Continental Army movements and so they were always on the defensive
locals reduced potential supplies for the British army by burning crops
incompetence of British generals, regularly misinterpreting orders
the colonists were supplied from their own lands but the British had to ship in supplies.
How fully6 marks2021Q55'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source D explain the reasons why the British were defeated at Saratoga?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D explains the reasons why the British were defeated at Saratoga.
Having captured Fort Ticonderoga with great ease, the British mobilised to strengthen their position. However, Generals Clinton and Howe were too late to make their planned meeting with General Burgoyne who was invading southwards from Canada. Due to the mountainous terrain, the British Army moved onto their next battleground much slower than anticipated. The colonists made the progress even slower by destroying crops and burning food supplies. When Burgoyne's troops reached Saratoga, they were outnumbered by colonists and swiftly defeated.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
however, Generals Clinton and Howe were too late to make their planned meeting with General Burgoyne who was invading southwards from Canada
due to the mountainous terrain, the British moved onto their next battleground much slower than anticipated
the colonists made the progress even slower by destroying crops and burning food supplies
when Burgoyne's troops reached Saratoga, they were outnumbered by colonists and swiftly defeated.
Points of significant omission
British plan was to link their armies to defeat the colonists
General Burgoyne had no reinforcements
the British were trapped in Saratoga
Americans cut down trees and blocked the British army's progress
To what extent9 marks2019Q55‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How important were the policies of the British Parliament as a reason for growing tension between Britain and the American colonists by 1774?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
British Parliament's policies
taxes put in place to raise money from colonists to pay for their own protection/for Britain to continue to control the colonies
Quartering Act — disliked as troops were housed at expense of colonists
Revenue/Sugar Act 1764 — reduced trade with other countries/impact on economy
Stamp Act 1765 — many colonists argued that only their own elected assemblies should be able to tax them/Act was unconstitutional
colonists angered by George III's desire to exert greater control over colonies
frustration over Britain's refusal to allow colonists to expand westward
growing anger over continued taxation of colonies without direct representation in British parliament
Troops in colonies
many colonists felt that troops were no longer needed as the war with France had ended by 1763
Britain felt a British standing army was still needed due to their professionalism and training in comparison with colonial troops
British financial troubles
Britain had a debt of £133 million, wartime tax was unpopular in Britain
Britain felt that the colonists should pay for their own defence
boycott of British goods (for example tea increased tension).
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q56‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of British sympathy with the American cause.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — from a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, in 1776
Source A is from a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, in 1776.
Some say America has succeeded due to her connection with Britain. Yet they would have flourished much more without European involvement. American corn will fetch its price in any market, and their imported goods will be purchased. Dependence on Britain directly involves them in European wars. As Europe is their market for trade, America should steer clear of these conflicts. Why do they have to depend on a far-away British government to tell them what to do when an answer takes 4 to 5 months?
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Thomas Paine. Useful because he witnessed events/was an influential British sympathiser with the American cause.
Type of Source: Pamphlet. Useful as it shows the concerns of the time.
Purpose: to persuade. Less useful as it is likely to be one-sided.
Timing: 1776. Useful as it was written at the time of growing British support for American cause.
Content: American corn will fetch its price in any market, and their imported goods will be purchased. Useful as it is accurate (trade was a reason for sympathy with the colonists' cause).
Content: Dependence on Britain directly involves them in European wars. Useful as it is accurate (British dominance did involve the colonies in European wars).
Content: Why do they have to depend on a far-away British Government to tell them what to do when an answer takes 4 to 5 months? Useful as it is accurate (governance was a major issue for colonists as they felt unrepresented by Westminster).
Points of significant omission
other sympathisers such as Edmund Burke who opposed using force against colonies
support in Britain from Radicals who wanted reform in Britain and friendship with America
loyalists unsympathetic (for example Flora MacDonald) persuaded other Scots settlers to fight against colonists
How fully6 marks2019Q57‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source B describe the nature of the fighting during the American Revolution?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the nature of the fighting during the American Revolution.
The conflict within the American colony spread quickly after 1775. When the British secured land, the revolutionaries were able to regain this territory as they had the advantage of knowing the land well. The revolutionaries could also use this information to avoid capture. As a result, they could retreat safely and return to fight the next day, making it difficult for the British to reduce their numbers. Such knowledge of the geography of the colony was the main reason why the revolutionaries were victorious at Princeton and Yorktown.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
when the British secured land, the revolutionaries were able to regain the territory as they had the advantage of knowing the land well
the revolutionaries could also use this information to avoid capture
they could withdraw safely and return to fight the next day, making it difficult for the British to reduce their numbers
knowledge of the geography of the area was the main reason why the colonists were victorious at Princeton and Yorktown
Points of significant omission
the revolutionaries initially avoided large scale engagements/fought a guerrilla campaign
British tended to react to Continental Army movements and so they were always on the defensive
locals reduced potential supplies for the British Army by burning crops
incompetence of British Generals, regularly misinterpreting orders
changes at command level hindered fighting as there was inconsistencies and lack of stability
Explain6 marks2019Q58‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why Canada decided to remain British.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the French in Canada were treated well by the British rulers
in 1791 the government of Canada was altered to recognise both British and French influences equally
catholic religion was tolerated so no reason to turn to, or prefer, New England Protestantism
loyalists (British settlers) flooded to Canada after the conflict was over/British settlers living in Canada remained loyal to Britain
Governor Carleton defended Canada against American attacks with British troops which was popular
native people tended to prefer the British due to the protection Britain offered to them during conflict in the colonies
Canadians did not want to lose strong trade links with Britain
most Canadians felt British/strong cultural links with Britain
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ51“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
To what extent were Britain’s attempts at raising revenue from the colonies the main reason why the American Wars of Independence broke out in 1775?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Raising revenue
the Revenue Act (the Sugar Act) – cut duty on molasses but it was now more strictly enforced
the Stamp Act – all legal documents, commercial papers, newspapers and pamphlets had to be officially stamped
Townshend Duties – taxes on tea, lead, glass, paper and paint
colonists resented being taxed without representation.
George III
colonists were angry at George III’s desire to exert greater control over colonies/was accused of becoming a tyrant
George III was blamed for refusing to introduce sensible laws/a fair justice system in the colonies.
British troops
colonists were unhappy with the continuing presence of British soldiers in the colonies following the defeat of the French in 1763
colonists were further angered by the passing of The Quartering Act.
British restrictions
some colonists were frustrated that the British were stopping them from moving west
some colonists felt that the policies of the British government were damaging trade.
Outbreaks of violence
the Boston Massacre increased tension between Britain and the colonists
fighting at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 led to formation of Continental Army.
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ52“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why some colonists remained loyal to Britain during the war.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
many colonists had become wealthy through trade with Britain/merchants feared damage to their trade if the colonists won
King George III still commanded some respect among many colonists/some colonists had a great loyalty to the King/saw the monarchy as important
some colonists feared law and order would break down if British rule was overthrown
some loyalists felt their power and influence had increased under British rule
some colonists greatly feared the spread of revolutionary ideas if the colonists won
loyalists were mainly conservative and feared change if the British lost
many loyalists believed in the importance of the Empire and opposed any threat to it
individuals like Flora McDonald encouraged Scots colonists to remain loyal to Britain
some hoped to win favour with the British Government by remaining loyal
most colonists were of British descent and were proud of being British
some loyalists felt that the conflict was the colonists’ fault and had no sympathy for them.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ53“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source A describe the condition of the American army in 1777? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the condition of the American army in 1777.
The Revolutionary War was waged by small armies on both sides. The American forces were often led by inefficient, even incompetent, commanders who fought muddled campaigns. The men gathering in Boston were very enthusiastic. They were however badly armed and lacking supplies. The American commander, George Washington, could rely on no more than 5,000 regular soldiers. Most men were part-time and served for only a few months at a time. Britain’s professional army was larger but not large enough to subdue the Americans.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the American forces were often led by inefficient, even incompetent, commanders who fought muddled campaigns
the men gathering in Boston were very enthusiastic
they were however badly armed and lacking supplies
most men were part-time and served for only a few months at a time
Points of significant omission
many American officers lacked proper military training/training in the different types of warfare
American forces were short of artillery and cavalry
many soldiers lacked experience in battle/needed practice with their weapons
many soldiers didn’t even have a uniform
troops grew exhausted and sick as the campaign went on
troops suffered from poor food/shortages of food and cold weather during winter campaigns.
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ54“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe the events leading up to the British surrender at Saratoga in 1777.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
British plan was to link their two armies to defeat the colonists
Burgoyne’s army invaded from Canada
colonists cut down trees and blocked British army’s progress
colonists destroyed crops and other potential food supplies
Native Americans deserted the British
St Leger’s British army was defeated/he retreated
British at Saratoga outnumbered and surrounded by colonists
Burgoyne’s army unable to break out so he surrendered (6,000 men and 30 cannon) to colonists.
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ55“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the events of the Battle of Yorktown. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the events of the Battle of Yorktown, 1781.
In 1781, Cornwallis moved into Virginia and began to build a base at Yorktown. By late summer, Cornwallis’s position at Yorktown was deteriorating fast. While American forces prevented him from moving inland, a large French fleet carrying 3,000 troops had sailed up to join the siege. The fate of Cornwallis was sealed when the French defeated the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay. On 19 October, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army of 7,000 men.
Source C
To launch his campaign in Virginia, Cornwallis’s army carried out raids, harassing the American forces wherever he could. In August 1781, Cornwallis’s British forces set up camp at Yorktown. Yorktown however turned out to be a poor position and his situation became more serious. American troops moved quickly into the area to surround him and keep him there. The British could not help Cornwallis’s army to escape, or bring in reinforcements.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall – the sources agree about the events of the Battle of Yorktown
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Cornwallis moved into Virginia and began to build a base at Yorktown.
Source C: ...Cornwallis’s British forces set up camp at Yorktown.
agree
Source B: By late summer, Cornwallis’s position at Yorktown was deteriorating fast.
Source C: Yorktown however turned out to be a poor position and his situation became more serious.
agree
Source B: ...American forces prevented him from moving inland...
Source C: ..American troops moved quickly into the area to surround him and keep him there.
Describe4 marks2018Q51‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe the events of the Boston Massacre.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
arguments began at Custom House between colonists and a British sentry over Townshend Acts (taxes)
the British soldiers came to the aid of a sentry dealing with an increasingly angry crowd
the crowd failed to disperse when ordered to do so
shots were fired to disperse crowd
five people died
seven people were wounded
the British officer in charge, Captain Preston, was arrested for manslaughter.
Explain6 marks2018Q52‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why the American colonists went to war with Britain in 1775.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
colonists were angered by the presence of British troops following the defeat of the French in 1763
colonists were angered by George III's desire to exert greater control over colonies
frustration over Britain's refusal to allow the colonies to expand westward
growing anger over continued taxation of colonies without direct representation in the British parliament
anger over imposition of British taxes (eg Sugar Act, Stamp Act, The Tea Act, Quartering Acts, Intolerable Acts)
the Boston Massacre increased tension between Britain and the colonists
the Boston Tea Party increased tension between Britain and the colonists
formation of the Continental Congress in 1774
fighting at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 led to formation of Continental Army under leadership of George Washington in June 1775.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q53‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the conflict between the colonists and the British by 1776.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian, published in 2005.
The Battle of Fort Ticonderoga gave the colonists a surprising but important victory over the British. The location of the fort was vital as its position protected New York and the New England colonies from British invasion from Canada. No one was killed during the attack. The main reason that the colonists wanted the fort was because they would gain control over cannons, munitions and armaments. These cannons were later moved to Boston. The fort itself was in a rundown condition, needing reconstruction.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Written by a modern historian — Useful because he is a well-informed expert.
Type of source
Textbook — Useful as it is likely to have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose
To inform — Useful as it provides detailed information about the conflict/less useful as it only informs us about Ticonderoga.
Timing
2005 — Useful because it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The Battle of Fort Ticonderoga gave the colonists a surprising but important victory over the British — Useful because it is accurate (this was an unexpected victory for the colonists).
The location of the fort was vital as its position protected New York and the New England colonies from British invasion from Canada — Useful because it is accurate (the location was advantageous to colonists).
The main reason that the colonists wanted the fort was because they would gain control over cannons, munitions and armaments/these cannons were later moved to Boston — Useful because it is accurate (the colonists did seize a significant amount of weaponry from the fort).
Points of significant omission
Green Mountain Boys (local militia group) took over fort for the colonists
Battles of Lexington/Concord are considered the start of the conflict
Battle of Bunker Hill many British soldiers died causing further escalation of conflict.
How fully6 marks2018Q54‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source B describe the experience of British soldiers in battle during the American Revolution? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the experience of British soldiers in battle during the American Revolution.
The British army had around 8,500 men and were vastly outnumbered by the militia they were fighting. If more troops were needed, they were hired from abroad. British troops wore red coats, white breeches and tall felt hats. Their uniform made them easy targets. It was also unsuitable for fighting in North America. British troops complained about the unfair tactics employed by the colonists. They were not used to fighting enemies whose main tactics were to hide behind walls and trees, open fire then move away.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the British army had around 8,500 men and were vastly outnumbered by the militia they were fighting
their uniform made them easy targets
it (uniform) was also unsuitable for fighting in North America
British troops were not used to guerrilla warfare (fighting enemies whose main tactics were to hide behind walls and trees, open fire then move away)
Points of significant omission
the British army was drilled to fight in formation
soldiers carried smooth-bore muskets that took time to load down the barrel and these guns were not very accurate
soldiers also had bayonets for close quarter combat
some British officers were ignorant and lazy and made poor military decisions which caused confusion
the British underestimated the colonists which led to higher casualties (eg Bunker Hill).
Compare the views4 marks2018Q55‘Tea and Freedom’: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources C and D about attitudes towards the Declaration of Independence in 1776. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about attitudes towards the Declaration of Independence.
On 14 July 1776, Congress took the final step by issuing the Declaration of Independence. King George III was accused by many colonists of indefensible crimes such as imposing taxes which colonists had not agreed to and damaging their trade. The worst charge was that he was responsible for an unfair justice system. The Declaration of Independence was inspirational for all Americans, both black and white.
Source D
The Declaration of Independence was issued in July 1776. Many colonists supported King George III's policies, arguing that his taxes were justified. The King was most upset by the accusation that he had stopped America from having a just legal system as the British felt it was the fairest available. The Declaration was criticised by many as it made no comment on the large number of slaves in America.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources disagree about attitudes towards the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: King George III was accused by many colonists of indefensible crimes such as imposing taxes which colonists had not agreed to and damaging their trade.
Source D: Many colonists supported King George III's policies, arguing that his taxes were justified.
disagree
Source C: The worst charge was that he was responsible for an unfair justice system.
Source D: The King was most upset by the accusation that he had stopped America from having a just legal system as the British felt it was the fairest available.
disagree
Source C: The Declaration of Independence was inspirational for all Americans, both black and white.
Source D: The Declaration was criticised by many as it made no comment on the large number of slaves in America.
Explain5 marks2017Q40⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why some British people sympathised with America during the American Revolution.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Thomas Paine’s pamphlet “Common Sense” sold 150,000 copies and persuaded many British people the American cause was just
radicals in Britain opposed war and supported American demands for reform (eg no taxation without representation)
Edmund Burke thought that using force against the colonists would be counter-productive
Edmund Burke argued against taxation in America to raise funds for Britain
radicals in Britain supported the colonists demands for reform as they wanted political reform at home
Compare the views4 marks2017Q41⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the capabilities of the Continental Army.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Continental Army.
The Continental Army was led by George Washington, who was an experienced soldier. The troops themselves were usually inexperienced in battle and for many it was their first time fighting. Many soldiers left to return home, leaving the army without enough men. The Continental Army always lacked sufficient cavalry and artillery. Washington was always short of money to buy much needed supplies or to pay his soldiers.
Source B
The army needed troops even more than fortifications, and Washington appealed to Congress to provide them. Many of the soldiers needed practice with their weapons, so early in July he ordered that each man was to fire two rounds — hardly extensive training but all that supplies permitted. The Continental Army was always short of ammunition. Gunpowder was always in short supply but houses were stripped of lead for bullets.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: The sources agree about the capabilities of the Continental Army
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The troops themselves were usually inexperienced in battle
Source B: Many of the soldiers needed practice with their weapons
agree
Source A: Many soldiers left to return home, leaving the army without enough men
Source B: The army needed troops even more than fortifications
agree
Source A: Washington was always short of money to buy much needed supplies or to pay his soldiers
Source B: The Continental Army was always short of ammunition/Gunpowder was always in short supply but houses were stripped of lead for bullets.
Describe5 marks2017Q42⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe the events of the British defeat at Saratoga.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
British plan was to link their two armies to defeat the colonists
Burgoyne’s army invaded from Canada
General Howe had taken the main British army to Philadelphia leaving General Clinton with a small army in New York
Americans cut down trees and blocked the British army’s progress
colonists had destroyed crops and burned potential food supplies
some Indian troops deserted the British
St Leger’s army was defeated/he retreated
British eventually outnumbered by colonists
Burgoyne’s army surrounded and unable to break out, so surrendered
How fully6 marks2017Q43⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why help was given to the colonists in their war against Britain? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about help given to the colonists after the British defeat at Saratoga.
After the British defeat at Saratoga, many in Europe were keen to take advantage of British weakness. France, in particular, wanted revenge for the loss of her colonies. In order to help the colonists France offered financial support. France also gave military assistance in the form of soldiers and gunpowder to put more pressure on Britain. Spain saw an opportunity to try to retake Gibraltar to distract Britain. Finally, France and Spain joined forces and threatened to invade Britain in 1779.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
after the British defeat at Saratoga, many in Europe were keen to take advantage of British weakness
France wanted revenge for loss of colonies so offered financial support
France also gave military assistance in the form of soldiers and gunpowder to put more pressure on Britain
Spain saw an opportunity to try to retake Gibraltar to distract Britain
Points of significant omission
foreign intervention challenged Britain’s control of the seas
foreign intervention made it more difficult for Britain to reinforce and supply forces in America
the French attacked British colonies in the Caribbean which distracted them/Britain had to divert vital troops to Europe and the West Indies
foreign intervention affected British morale as they had no major allies
formal Franco-American alliance increased pressure on Britain
Explain5 marks2016Q40⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why the colonists had become unhappy with British rule by the 1770s.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
the colonists were unhappy with the imposition of laws and taxes which were seen as unjust (eg the passing of the Stamp Act and Townshend Act in the 1760s had been very unpopular measures)
they resented being taxed without representation in the British parliament
events such as the Boston Tea Party led to an increase in anti-British feeling among colonists/unhappiness at high-handed actions of British government
the colonists were unhappy with the continuing presence of British soldiers in the colonies
some colonists were frustrated that the British were stopping them from moving West
some colonists felt that the policies of the British government were damaging trade
Describe5 marks2016Q41⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Describe the events at Bunker Hill in 1775.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Colonists secured high ground at Bunker Hill overlooking British forces
British Navy opened fire on the colonists’ position (but shells fell short)
Prescott told the colonists, ‘Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!’ (to save much needed ammunition)
British charged the hill three times before the colonists were driven away/ran out of ammunition
British soldiers were exposed to American musket fire as they made their way up the hill
Bright uniforms of British soldiers made them easy targets
British suffered around 1,000 casualties (226 killed, 828 wounded)
Colonists suffered less than half of British casualties (around 100-400 killed and 300 wounded)
British were victorious/Colonists achieved confidence boost for future battles against British forces
How fully5 marks2016Q42⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
How fully does Source A describe the events at Lexington and Concord in 1775?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the events in Lexington and Concord in 1775.
By early 1775 many in the colonies had started to prepare for war. Spies had informed the British commander in Boston about a store of gunpowder and weapons that the colonists had been collecting at Concord. British soldiers were dispatched to seize the supplies. When the British arrived at Lexington they were confronted by a group of minutemen. These were colonists who had been training and preparing for war. Shots were fired and several colonists were killed. The British then marched on to Concord where they destroyed any remaining supplies.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
British soldiers were dispatched to seize the supplies
when the British arrived at Lexington they were confronted by a group of minutemen
shots were fired and several colonists were killed
the British then marched on to Concord where they destroyed any remaining supplies.
Points of significant omission
the Sons of Liberty had discovered that the British were planning to march on Concord.
Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm
church bells roused the minutemen from their beds.
the British soldiers were attacked by angry colonists as they tried to make their way back to Boston.
many British soldiers were killed and injured.
Colonists in Massachusetts continued to attack the British forces.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q43⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the condition of the American army during the winter of 1777.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — is from a diary written by an American army officer in December 1777.
The army now continues to grow sickly from the exhaustion they have suffered in this campaign. We are sick—discontented—and out of humour. Poor food—cold weather—nasty clothes—nasty cooking—the Devil’s in it! I can’t endure it! Why are we sent here to starve and freeze? Despite all of this, the men still show a spirit not to be expected from such young troops.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: American army officer – Useful as he is an eyewitness/first-hand experience
Type of Source: Diary entry – Useful as it is more likely to reveal his true opinion/feelings
Purpose: To record – Useful as it is a private record and is less likely to be biased on the poor condition of the American army
Timing: 1777 – Useful because it was written during the Wars of Independence
Points from the source
The army now continues to grow sickly from the exhaustion they have suffered in this campaign – Useful as it accurately shows the true condition of the army
Poor food/cold weather/nasty clothes/nasty cooking – Useful as it accurately shows the extent of suffering of the army
The men still show a spirit – Useful as it accurately shows that the morale of the American army remained high
Points of significant omission
the American forces had endured a number of military setbacks in 1777
the Army was small in number/lacked experienced leadership/few professional soldiers
Washington used the difficult winter of 1777 to train and discipline his soldiers into a much more effective force.
Explain6 marks2015Q44⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Explain the reasons why a war broke out between Britain and the American colonists.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
the colonists were unhappy with the imposition of laws and taxes which were seen as unjust
the passing of the Stamp Act and Townshend Act in 1760s had been very unpopular measures
the colonists resented being taxed without representation
events such as the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party led to an increase in anti-British feeling among colonists
boycott of British goods added to tension
the continuing presence of British soldiers in the colonies had caused tension
the colonists were further angered by the passing of The Quartering Act
some colonists were frustrated that the British were stopping them from moving west
some colonists felt that the policies of the British government were damaging trade
the First Continental Congress in 1774 had created a feeling of anti-British unity among the leaders of the colonies
the colonists started to establish their own armed forces following the First Continental Congress in 1774/Continental Congress declared to be traitors by British Crown meant no going back
clashes between British forces and colonists at Lexington and Concord in 1775 led to the outbreak of war
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q45⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the experience of soldiers who fought in the Wars of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — Source A is from the diary of an American army surgeon during the winter of 1777.
December 14: The army now begins to grow tired of the continued difficulties they have faced in this winter campaign. Poor food, tough living conditions, cold weather, sickness, fatigue, nasty clothes, nasty cookery, the Devil's in it! I can't endure it! Why are we sent here to starve and freeze? Yet our men still show a great spirit and morale that is unexpected from such young soldiers.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Army surgeon — Useful as he is an eyewitness
Type of Source: A diary — Useful as it is likely to give an honest/accurate description of the condition of the American army/less useful as it only gives information about the American army.
Purpose: To record the difficulties being faced by the soldiers during the winter of 1777 — Useful because it provides a detailed/balanced description of the conditions
Timing: 1777 — Useful as it is taken from 1777, during the course of the war
Points from the source
The army now begins to grow tired of the continued difficulties they have faced in this winter campaign. — Useful as it gives an accurate and detailed insight into difficulties faced by the colonial army
Poor food, tough living conditions, cold weather, sickness, fatigue, nasty clothes, nasty cookery, the Devil's in it! — Useful as it gives accurate and detailed information on the conditions faced by the American army.
Our men still show a great spirit and morale that is unexpected from such young soldiers. — Useful as it gives an accurate insight into why the Americans were eventually able to win the war.
Points of significant omission
the American army had suffered a series of setbacks during the winter of 1777–1778
the Americans had difficulty holding on to their recruits and many would return home after a short period of service
conditions were also very difficult for the British as it was difficult to supply an army that was fighting so far from home
American soldiers were acclimatised, British found climate difficult
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
To what extent8 marks2015Q46⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–1783
To what extent did the intervention of foreign countries lead to Britain's defeat in the Wars of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Foreign intervention
France provided the colonists with finance
France provided the colonists with military assistance – soldiers, gunpowder etc
the French attacked British colonies in the Caribbean and elsewhere
the French harassed British shipping in the Atlantic
Foreign intervention caused Britain to lose its control of the seas
Foreign intervention made it more difficult for Britain to reinforce and supply its forces in America
Spain distracted Britain by attacking Gibraltar
a Franco-Spanish force threatened Britain with invasion in 1779
American strengths
George Washington held the American army together and emerged as a great leader
the colonists had greater forces/American colonies were relatively wealthy and could support an army
the colonists were able to call on minutemen when required
the colonists knew the terrain better/used to the climate
the colonists often used guerrilla tactics against the British
British weakness
the British were poorly led
the British made tactical errors eg Yorktown, Saratoga
the British army was small in number/British army had a large empire to protect as well as fight the colonists and had to rely on mercenary forces
the British soldiers were not properly trained/equipped to cope with terrain and conditions
diseases like smallpox affected British much more than Americans.
the British never had a clear strategy for winning the war
the British were weakened by their reliance on supplies from overseas
the British Parliament was not united behind the war effort
unlike Americans British had no allies to assist them
How fully6 marks2014Q1⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–83
How fully does Source A explain why there was growing tension between Britain and the colonists by 1774?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains why there was growing tension between Britain and the colonists.
The war with France had ended in 1763. Although victory was widely celebrated, there were already voices being raised against British rule in the thirteen colonies. The decision to increase taxes on the colonists was very unpopular. Britain had gone to great expense to protect the colonies and wanted the colonies to pay some of this money back. The decision to maintain a standing army in the colonies also alarmed the colonists. The Stamp Act of 1765 provoked a furious reaction. Colonists responded by organising a boycott of British goods.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
The decision to increase taxes was very unpopular
The decision to maintain a standing army alarmed colonists
The Stamp Act provoked a furious reaction
Colonists organised a boycott of British goods
Points of significant omission
Colonists felt that actions of the British government were damaging trade
The colonists were unhappy that the British were stopping them from moving West
There was anger among the colonists about the Quartering Act which allowed British soldiers to invade private property
There was anger among the colonists about a lack of representation in the British parliament
Events such as the Boston Massacre increased tension
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Describe5 marks2014Q2⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–83
Describe the events of the Boston Tea Party and the British government's reaction to it.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
Colonists were angered by the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 which allowed the East India Company to undercut colonial merchants and smugglers
Bostonians disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and boarded the three tea ships
Tea was emptied into the water of Boston harbour
Some of the tea was stolen
King George III and Parliament were outraged when they heard of these events
Lord North rejected the offer of compensation from some of the colonial merchants
Led to the passing of the ‘Intolerable Acts’ eg Massachusetts Act/Administration of Justice Act/Quartering Act/Quebec Act
Port of Boston closed
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain5 marks2014Q3⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–83
Explain the reasons why Britain lost the war against the colonists.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
The British forces were poorly led so poorer tactics/communication
There were tactical errors by Britain eg at Yorktown, so battles were lost
British army had to rely on mercenary forces, so less loyalty
British soldiers were not properly trained, so less effective
Colonial army was effectively led by George Washington, strong leader
British generals underestimated the bravery of the Americans
Rebel tactics also made life very difficult/rebels often used guerrilla tactics against British which were successful
Colonists had greater forces/able to call on minutemen when required, so more effective
Fighting a war so far from home made it difficult to supply British forces
Attacks by French and Spanish weakened/distracted British forces
Assistance from French and Spanish navies gave colonists control of the seas
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q4⏳ Older format“Tea and Freedom”: the American Revolution, 1774–83
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the British defeat at Saratoga.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the events that led to the British defeat at Saratoga.
In June 1777 General Burgoyne set out from Canada with nearly 8,000 men but his progress was then slowed by mountains and dense forest. The British fought off American forces in September. However, unlike the Americans, Burgoyne had no reinforcements. In October, Burgoyne tangled with the Americans once again. He was forced to retreat and his army was trapped against the Hudson River. On 17 October, Burgoyne was forced to surrender almost 6,000 men and 30 cannons.
Source C
Sources B and C are about the events that led to the British defeat at Saratoga.
General Burgoyne was eager to win fame for himself. He planned to march south to Albany. Another British army was due to join up with Burgoyne's forces. However, they were stopped by heavy resistance and Burgoyne's army was left on its own. Burgoyne decided to carry on but his progress was slowed by the difficult terrain and lack of supplies. The British were trapped at the little community of Saratoga and had no option but to surrender.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree that there were a number of reasons for the British defeat at Saratoga
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Progress was then slowed by mountains and dense forest
Source C: Progress was slowed by the difficult terrain
agree
Source B: Burgoyne had no reinforcements
Source C: Burgoyne's army was left on its own
agree
Source B: Army was trapped against the Hudson River
Source C: British found themselves trapped at the little community of Saratoga
