How fully6 marks2026Q46The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why attitudes changed towards poverty in Britain?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains the reasons why attitudes changed towards poverty in Britain.
Laissezβfaire opinions were challenged as the investigations of Booth and Rowntree highlighted that poverty was widespread across Britain. Reports into the Poor Law and unemployment also highlighted the extent of poverty, which further shocked some politicians. The 'New Liberals' also helped encourage support for state intervention as more help was needed to provide for the poor. This contrasted with the views of Samuel Smiles whose ideas around self-help were popular with many. Work published by authors like Charles Dickens also fuelled middle-class guilt over the conditions of poverty.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Explain6 marks2026Q47The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why some Liberal Reforms of 1906β1914 were successful in meeting the needs of the British public.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
Describe4 marks2026Q48The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the 'Five Giants' identified in the Beveridge Report of 1942.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
Compare the views4 marks2026Q49The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the effects of wartime experiences on attitudes to poverty.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the effects of wartime experiences on attitudes to poverty.
World War II brought together soldiers from all backgrounds, which helped create a better understanding of poverty back home. Similar interactions also happened back home. Air raids forced people from different social classes to shelter together, increasing awareness of poverty. Rationing also had a levelling effect on society. Rich or poor, everyone had the same access to food, which established more common ground and increased understanding of those in need.
Source C
The wealthy often had their own air raid shelters, so were often unaware of the problems of the poor. Access to food also created further divisions as the rich could sometimes buy additional items for their families and were not restricted by rationing. Differences could even be seen between soldiers on the Front Line. Officers, often from privileged backgrounds, rarely mixed with working-class recruits, which limited shared experiences and understanding of poverty.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q50The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the Labour Reforms on nationalisation and employment, 1945β1951.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008.
During World War II, the issue of unemployment had virtually disappeared because the war needed all available adult labour. After the war, a priority for the Labour Government became the nationalisation of key industries, which meant that they were brought under the control of the government. Company owners and shareholders were paid compensation for their losses. Over time, tax money was used to support these industries, which helped the government maintain greater control over the economy and employment.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
To what extent9 marks2025Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How important were the reports of Booth and Rowntree in changing attitudes to poverty before 1906?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with valid judgement, reason in support of the judgement).
Reports of Booth and Rowntree
Booth's report showed that about a third of the population of London were living in poverty which caused shock
Booth's report showed that poverty was not always the fault of the individual which helped change laissez-faire attitudes
Rowntree's report showed that just below 30% of the population of York were living in poverty which provided further evidence on the problem of poverty
Rowntree's report proved that poverty was a problem throughout Britain and more had to be done to tackle this
Popular concern over poverty
popular writing was drawing attention to the problem of poverty
high levels of unfit army recruits led to concern that more had to be done for the poor
government reports highlighted the problem of high levels of poverty amongst children and encouraged more action
Increasing democracy
more members of the working class now had the vote which made political parties more open to discussing the problems of the poor
increased support for Labour drew more attention to the problems of the poor
Foreign Influence
Germany had already passed reforms to help improve the lives of their people and Britain did not want to fall behind their competitors
New Liberalism
new Liberals such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were influential in encouraging more sympathetic attitudes to the problem of poverty
How fully6 marks2025Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source A describe the Liberal Reforms passed to help the young?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the Liberal Reforms passed to help the young.
The young were seen as a vulnerable group who required government help. In 1906, the Free School Meals Act was introduced and by 1910 over 9 million meals were being provided. However, the Act did not make it compulsory for all school boards which meant that some children were still going hungry. Also, children only received meals during term time, often becoming malnourished during the school holidays. By 1914, all local authorities were forced to offer free school meals which ensured that most children were being provided for.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
In 1906, the Free School Meals Act was introduced and by 1910, over 9 million meals were being provided. β Millions of children were given free school meals.
However, the Act did not make it compulsory for all school boards which meant that some children were still going hungry. β Local authorities did not have to provide meals at school.
Also, children only received meals during term time, often becoming malnourished during the school holidays. β Children only got meals during term-time so were often hungry during school holidays.
By 1914, all local authorities were forced to offer free school meals which ensured that most children were being provided for. β All local authorities became obligated to provide meals by 1914 so most children received them.
Points of significant omission
prior to 1914, some parents were still expected to pay for school meals, but many could not afford this
medical inspections helped to identify ill health amongst children and possible treatment, for example, 1907 Medical Inspections Act
many parents could not afford necessary medical treatment for their children so illnesses would often go untreated
the Children's Charter introduced reforms to protect the welfare of children, for example, borstals
the terms of the Children's Charter were difficult to enforce, for example, the restrictions on alcohol and tobacco
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2025Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the recommendations of the Beveridge Report.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a speech given by a British politician in 1942.
The proposals of the Beveridge Report have now been made clear. The response of the public has generally been positive. Notably, the Beveridge Report suggests that improvements must be made to the lives of all British citizens. One of the more popular recommendations appears to be the removal of the meansβtest, which many have found to be a terrible humiliation. Soldiers are particularly enthusiastic about the proposition of more housing in a fairer society for all.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: British politician β Useful as they will have been an eyewitness to the recommendations of the Beveridge Report.
Type of Source: speech β Useful as it will contain relevant details about the recommendations of the Beveridge Report.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it has been said to give further details about the recommendations of the Beveridge Report.
Timing: 1942 β Useful as it is from when the Beveridge Report was published.
Content
Notably, the Beveridge Report suggests that improvements must be made to the lives of all British citizens. β Useful as it is accurate (the Report did suggest universal benefits to the lives of the British public).
One of the more popular recommendations appears to be the removal of the means-test, which many have found to be a terrible humiliation. β Useful as it is accurate (the Report did suggest the removal of unpopular means-testing).
Soldiers are particularly enthusiastic about the proposition of more housing in a fairer society for all. β Useful as it is accurate (the Report did propose making improvements to housing).
Points of significant omission
the Report recommended a more comprehensive welfare system which would cover all poverty-related problems, from birth until death
the Report suggested the establishment of a National Health Service
proposal to provide benefit payments for the unemployed for as long as necessary
Beveridge suggested a more simplified system of national insurance
the Report made provisions for the introduction of Family Allowances
Explain6 marks2025Q45The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why some Labour Reforms, 1945β1951, did not fully meet the needs of the British public.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
charges had to be introduced for certain treatment, which some people could not afford
long waiting lists for hospital treatment, which meant that treatment for ill health could be delayed
due to rising costs, hospital buildings and equipment were not updated, which affected the quality of treatment
benefits received were still below subsistence levels which meant that many had to seek further support, for example, National Assistance Boards
reforms were not fully comprehensive, for example, those who had not paid enough in contributions to National Insurance
some of the reforms continued to be means-tested, for example, National Assistance Act, which meant that some people did not receive help
many working class children continued to leave school with little educational qualifications, affecting their life chances
11+ exam was socially divisive and working class children had limited opportunities to progress with their education
building for secondary schools was neglected in comparison to primary provision, which meant fewer resources for secondary children
housing shortages continued until after the Second World War, which meant that homelessness was still a serious issue
new towns were isolated and had limited basic amenities, which meant that the quality of life could still be difficult
nationalised industries were supported by taxation and had little incentive to be profitable, which meant workers' wages often remained low
Describe4 marks2024Q41The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the voluntary system in Britain before 1906.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
friendly societies gave people the opportunity to save for future needs
savings banks encouraged people to save money
the Cooperative Movement allowed poor people access to goods at a cheaper price, making it easier to get food
voluntary hospitals provided healthcare, for example, St Bartholomewβs in London
charities existed to help those in need, for example, Barnardoβs for children
many people were forced to rely on help provided by the workhouse or outdoor relief, for example, the local parish
conditions in the workhouse could be difficult, for example, families could be split up
To what extent9 marks2024Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How successful were the Liberal Reforms, 1906β1914, in improving the lives of the British public?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
The young
free school meals made children healthier as this was often the only meal they received each day
medical inspections introduced at school helped to identify health issues earlier
Childrenβs Charter improved welfare as children and young people would no longer be sent to adult prisons
some reforms had limitations, for example, free school meals were voluntary rather than compulsory
The old
pensions improved the lives of the elderly as it helped them to avoid the workhouse
problems with pensions, for example, many people did not live until 70 so did not receive their pension
The sick
National Insurance gave maternity grants following the birth of a child which eased poverty
health insurance did not cover most hospital treatments
families of workers were not covered by health insurance at all
The unemployed
unemployed were helped by National Insurance as some workers received benefits, which helped them stay out of poverty
reforms were time-limited, for example, unemployment benefits only paid for 15 weeks
reforms were targeted at certain industries and did not benefit all workers
Compare the views4 marks2024Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Compare the views of Sources A and B about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
Investigations identified the people in Britain most at risk of poverty. Evidence proved that children and young people suffered from high levels of poverty meaning that they were too hungry or too weak to learn in school. The old were also a vulnerable group likely to become even poorer because they became too elderly to work. The sick were also at risk of falling into poverty due to the fact that they could not afford medical help if they were ill.
Source B
Sources A and B are about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
Children were a group who were living in such poverty that their basic needs were not being met, including food and shelter. However, they were not the only section of British society who lived in deprivation. Employees who became sick did not receive support, meaning their illnesses would continue, causing families to fall deeper into poverty. Elderly people often fell below the βpoverty lineβ because they were unable to continue working due to their age.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Evidence proved that children and young people suffered from high levels of poverty meaning that they were too hungry or too weak to learn in school.
Source B: Children were a group who were living in such poverty that their basic needs were not being met, including food and shelter.
agree
Source A: The old were also a vulnerable group likely to become even poorer because they became too elderly to work.
Source B: Elderly people often fell below the βpoverty lineβ because they were unable to continue working due to their age.
agree
Source A: The sick were also at risk of falling into poverty due to the fact that they could not afford medical help if they were ill.
Source B: Employees who became sick did not receive support, which meant their illnesses would continue, causing families to fall deeper into poverty.
Explain6 marks2024Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why peopleβs experiences during World War II changed attitudes to poverty in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
evacuations showed the extent of poverty in Britain, for example, middle-class families were shocked at the physical condition of children from the cities
the shared experience of serving in the armed forces influenced attitudes to poverty
shared experience of war due to bombings increased mixing of social classes which raised awareness of the problems of the poor
bombings highlighted the need for government intervention in housing
rationing ensured an equal share for all which raised awareness of poverty
the need for increased government involvement as a result of the war, meant attitudes began to change, for example, support for the war-wounded
greater acceptance of government control during wartime was accepted to tackle post-war problems
Beveridge Report (1942) was popular and created the expectation of government intervention
war brought people together and created the determination for a βbetter Britainβ which changed attitudes to poverty
How fully6 marks2024Q45The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source C describe the housing reforms introduced by the Labour Government by 1951?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the housing reforms introduced by the Labour Government by 1951.
Following a landslide election victory, the Labour Government began the process of planning Britainβs post-war recovery. One of their first tasks was to house the homeless by building prefabricated temporary housing. Labour had some success with building these houses, managing to complete some 157,000 homes. Various laws were passed, including the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act that gave councils more power to plan their community housing. However, by 1951, there was still a serious housing shortage in Britain with 750,000 fewer homes than households.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
One of their first tasks was to house the homeless by building prefabricated temporary housing.
Labour had some success with building these houses, managing to complete some 157,000 homes.
Various laws were passed, including the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act that gave councils more power to plan their community housing.
However, by 1951, there was still a serious housing shortage in Britain, with 750,000 fewer homes than households.
Points of significant omission
New Towns Act (1946) allowed for the building of new towns throughout Britain, for example, East Kilbride
problems with the new towns, for example, they lacked amenities and transport links
the governmentβs aim was to build 200,000 new homes per year, but they never achieved this target
success limited by fewer houses than households meant that some families had to live in former army barracks
Describe4 marks2023Q46The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the problems facing people living in poverty up to 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
low wages
unemployment
poor living conditions, for example, sanitation
limited help for those who were destitute, for example, voluntary organisations, workhouses
Compare the views4 marks2023Q47The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the surveys carried out by Booth and Rowntree.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the surveys carried out by Booth and Rowntree.
In the early 20th century, the social investigators, Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, looked at the reasons for poverty in London and York. Booth and Rowntreeβs reports were widely read by the British public. Boothβs report was based on research in London only, so many people rejected its findings on poverty. However, these surveys did help to change the minds of the British public by proving that poverty was not the fault of the individual.
Source B
Booth and Rowntree were significant in revealing the extent of poverty in Britain. The extent of poverty revealed in Boothβs report shocked people leading to pressure for change in how poverty was dealt with. However, many people in Britain did not read the reports of Booth and Rowntree and this limited the impact of the reports. As a result, lots of people in Britain continued to believe in laissez-faire policies, that those living in poverty had to help themselves.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree on the surveys carried out by Booth and Rowntree.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Booth and Rowntreeβs reports were widely read by the British public.
Source B: However, many people in Britain did not read the reports of Booth and Rowntree and this limited the impact of the reports.
disagree
Source A: Boothβs report was based on research in London only, so many people rejected its findings on poverty.
Source B: The extent of poverty revealed in Boothβs report shocked people leading to pressure for change in how poverty was dealt with.
disagree
Source A: These surveys helped to change the minds of the British public by proving that poverty was not the fault of the individual.
Source B: As a result, lots of people in Britain continued to believe in laissez-faire policies, that those living in poverty had to help themselves.
Explain6 marks2023Q48The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why some Liberal reforms, 1906β1914, were not successful in improving the lives of the British people.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the reforms did not help all groups so many people still lived in poverty
some of the benefits were below subsistence level, for example, Old Age Pensions Act
some of the acts were not compulsory which meant many could not access support, for example, Free School Meals Act
medical inspections did not provide treatment so there was no health benefit
some of the reforms were difficult to enforce, for example, Childrenβs Charter
insurance contributions often resulted in a wage cut for the worker
families of workers were not covered by health insurance
unemployment insurance only covered certain trades, for example, shipbuilding
unemployment benefit restricted to 15 weeks leaving those without work struggling to make ends meet
How fully6 marks2023Q49The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why World War II changed attitudes to poverty in Britain?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why World War II changed attitudes to poverty in Britain.
World War II disrupted life in Britain. Due to extensive bombings, the government provided temporary housing and many people hoped that this kind of support would continue. Owing to conscription, people were more accepting of government involvement in helping with social problems. Mothers with two or more children also appreciated the benefits of the Family Allowances Act introduced during the War, which gave additional financial support. In addition, the common experience of wartime changed what people thought the role of government should be for helping people in need.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Due to extensive bombings, the government provided temporary housing and many people hoped that this kind of support would continue. (This shows that Government help for housing became expected.)
Owing to conscription, people were more accepting of government involvement in helping with social problems. (People understood the need for Government action in their lives.)
Mothers with two or more children also enjoyed the benefits of the Family Allowances Act introduced during the War, which gave additional financial support. (Families liked the extra monetary payments from the Government brought in during the War.)
In addition, the common experience of wartime changed what people thought the role of government should be for helping people in need. (Beveridgeβs report made people expect the Government would provide assistance after the War.)
Points of significant omission
many were shocked by the poor health of evacuated children
experience of war affected rich and poor alike which created greater sympathy for those living in poverty
the benefits of rationing highlighted the need for government help on food
many people liked increased government focus on the welfare of the British public, for example, free school milk, increased pensions
the war had revealed the extent of poverty which shocked many and led to demands for more action
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q50(a)The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the impact of the National Health Service on peopleβs lives.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010.
Before the Labour reforms, disease was widespread as many British people could not afford the cost of medical care. The introduction of the National Health Service dealt effectively with this issue as treatment and services were initially free at point of use. However, there was little money for building new facilities so many hospitals were out of date, which limited the care which could be provided. The expansion of the National Health Service created job opportunities, particularly for nurses and support staff.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the National Health Service.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as it is likely to have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it is intended to give a balanced account about the National Health Service.
Timing: 2010 β Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The introduction of the National Health Service dealt effectively with this issue as treatment and services were initially free at point of use. β Useful because it is accurate (medical treatment did not have to be paid for at first).
However, there was little money for building new facilities so many hospitals were out of date which limited the care which could be provided. β Useful because it is accurate (building of new hospitals was limited due to cost).
The expansion of the National Health Service created job opportunities, particularly for nurses and support staff. β Useful because it is accurate (more jobs were created in the NHS).
Points of significant omission
universal access so all British people could use NHS services
services available, for example, GP treatment, optical care, dentists
specialist hospitals and centres were created, for example, fever hospitals
reaction from British public, for example, huge demand for services
issues with NHS, for example, long waiting times for beds, rising cost of treatment
cost for some treatments began to be introduced, for example, prescriptions
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q50(b)The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source E as evidence of the problems identified by the βFive Giantsβ.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source E
Source E is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2004.
World War II highlighted the many issues facing the British people. As a result of intensive bombing during the war, one of the biggest problems facing the government was homelessness, βSqualorβ. However, probably the biggest issue was βWantβ, which meant that many people in Britain did not have what they needed to survive above the poverty line. The Labour government aimed to solve the causes of poverty and so introduced reforms to deal with the reasons for unemployment, βIdlenessβ.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful because they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful because will have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it gives a detailed account of the problems identified by the Five Giants.
Timing: 2004 β Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
As a result of intensive bombing during the war, one of the biggest problems facing the government was homelessness, βSqualorβ. β Useful because it is accurate (Homelessness was identified as one of the Five Giants).
However, probably the biggest issue was Want, which meant that many people in Britain did not have what they needed to survive above the poverty line. β Useful because it is accurate (Want was one of the Five Giant Evils identified).
The Labour government aimed to solve the causes of poverty and so introduced reforms to deal with the reasons for unemployment, βIdlenessβ. β Useful because it is accurate (the Labour government introduced unemployment reforms).
Points of significant omission
poor quality housing (Squalor) was another social issue facing the British people
poor health (Disease) was a cause of poverty
unemployment (Idleness) limited income causing poverty
lack of education (ignorance) prevented many from accessing jobs or opportunities
How fully6 marks2022Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source A describe the surveys of Booth and Rowntree?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the surveys of Booth and Rowntree.
In the late 19th century, there was a growing interest in the welfare of the general population. Charles Booth's study of London's population showed that poverty was not always the poor person's own fault. Booth's survey brought new methods to study the amount of poverty that existed. Booth's findings were supported by Seebohm Rowntree. Rowntree showed that poverty was not just a problem in London but in towns like York too. The survey by Rowntree found that one third of the population of York lived in poverty.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Charles Booth's study of London's population showed that poverty was not always the poor person's own fault. (The level of poverty in London was not always the fault of the individual.)
Booth's survey brought new methods to study the amount of poverty that existed. (The study used new methods to find out how much poverty existed.)
Rowntree showed that poverty was not just a problem in London but in towns like York too. (Poverty did not just exist in the UK's capital.)
The survey by Rowntree found that one third of the population of York lived in poverty. (The problem of poverty was also large in York.)
Points of significant omission
Booth's report concluded that approximately 30% lived in poverty
Rowntree's report showed that there was a cycle of poverty, so helped convince people that the poor needed help at certain times of their lives
Booth worked out a poverty line, a level of income needed for a family to stay out of starvation
Booth found that the scale of poverty could not be met with the help of charities alone
Rowntree identified two types of poverty; Primary and secondary
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the limitations of the Liberal reforms of 1906β1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a speech by David Lloyd George (a Liberal politician) in 1914
Source B is from a speech by David Lloyd George (a Liberal politician) in 1914.
Concerns have been raised that compulsory contributions for sickness and unemployment have led to poor people falling further into poverty. It has also been suggested that the payments do not last long enough to sustain the poor if they are sick or unemployed. However, there have been some successes in reducing unemployment in key industries such as shipbuilding. The National Insurance Act has been a great social experiment but only covers the better off workers.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: David Lloyd George β Useful because he was an eyewitness and/or a Liberal politician who would know about the Liberal reforms.
Type of Source: speech β Useful because this reflects the views of a Liberal politician.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as the information is likely to be accurate (about the limitations of the Liberal reforms).
Timing: 1914 β Useful as it is from the time of the Liberal reforms.
Content
Concerns have been raised that compulsory contributions for sickness and unemployment have led to poor people falling further into poverty. β Useful as it is accurate (many were worried that the contributions would cause workers to fall below the poverty line).
It has also been suggested that the payments do not last long enough to sustain the poor if they are sick or unemployed. β Useful as it is accurate (unemployment benefit only lasted for 15 weeks).
The National Insurance Act has been a great social experiment but only covers the better off workers. β Useful as it is accurate (the Act did not support all workers).
Points of significant omission
Free School Meals Act β did not support children during holidays and many continued to go hungry
Medical Inspections Act β free treatment not available until 1912
Old Age Pensions Act β many did not live long enough to receive their pension
Labour Exchanges β voluntary, not compulsory, which meant that many vacancies went not advertised
Explain6 marks2022Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the Beveridge Report of 1942 was popular with the British public.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the British public were happy with the Beveridge Report because it proposed improvements to the lives of all British citizens, not just particular groups
the Beveridge Report recommended the removal of the 'means-test' which many British people liked as they had found this to be a humiliation
identification of the Five Giant Evils was met with approval by the British public
the report simplified the system of national insurance, which was popular
indefinite payment of unemployment benefits was met with approval by those struggling to find work
introduction of family allowances were popular with those who had large families
suggestion of a National Health Service which would meet the needs of all British citizens was popular with many
proposed changes to the system of social insurance, for example, old age pensions, funeral grants would benefit many people and was therefore popular
the Beverage report was popular as it was seen as a reward for the difficulties endured during the war
To what extent9 marks2022Q45(a)The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How successful were the Labour welfare reforms, 1945β1951, in improving the lives of the British people?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Reforms to tackle disease
NHS treatment was free at point of delivery
treatment was comprehensive which met a range of needs, for example, doctors, dentists, opticians
NHS had a significant cost which caused charges to be introduced
Reforms to tackle want
National Insurance Act gave all workers benefits, for example, pensions, maternity grants.
did not cover individuals who were out of work and had not paid enough National Insurance
Reforms to tackle idleness
nationalisation of key industries reduced chances of unemployment, for example, NCB
working conditions and wages were generally unimproved
Reforms to tackle squalor
New Towns Act planned 12 New Towns which eased overcrowding
building of more prefabricated and council houses helped with the housing shortages after WWII
still a significant shortage of housing after 1951
Reforms to tackle ignorance
Education Act raised the school leaving age to 15
11+ exam proved socially divisive and many children felt a sense of inferiority if they were sent to a technical school
To what extent9 marks2022Q45(b)The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How successful was the voluntary system in dealing with the problem of poverty before 1906?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Successes of the voluntary system
some people argued that a voluntary system ensured the poor were encouraged to keep working their own way out of poverty
Friendly Societies gave people the opportunity to save for future challenges they may face
savings banks encouraged people to save their money
The Cooperative Movement allowed poor people access to goods at cheaper prices, making it easier to afford food
voluntary hospitals provided healthcare
charities existed to help the poor for example, Barnardos for children
Failures of the voluntary system
poverty was widespread in Britain in the early 1900s, suggesting that the voluntary system was failing to tackle social problems
lack of success of voluntary system clear in high child mortality
school inspections showed that child poverty was a particular issue
many people were forced to rely on the Poor House, which was seen as a huge social embarrassment and avoided
voluntary hospitals were often overwhelmed by demand, meaning treatment was limited
voluntary system did nothing to try and break the cycle of poverty.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the causes of poverty in the late 1800s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β from the book βLife and Labour of the People in Londonβ by Charles Booth, published in 1889
Source A is from the book βLife and Labour of the People in Londonβ by Charles Booth, published in 1889.
The problem of poverty has grown too large for the government to ignore. Evidence of this can be seen in the overcrowded workhouses of London. A very close connection, it is often remarked, can often be established between irregular employment and poverty in Britain. This has been the case for a number of years. Many men over the age of 50 are always out of work. A major reason for working people living in poverty is low wages.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author
Charles Booth: Useful as he is an expert with first-hand knowledge of poverty.
Type of Source
Book: Useful as it will contain detailed evidence of the causes of poverty.
Purpose
To record: Useful as it was to reveal the true causes of poverty.
Timing
1889: Useful as it is from the time of high levels of poverty in the late 1800s.
Content
A very close connection, it is often remarked, can often be established between irregular employment and poverty in Britain: Useful because it is accurate as lack of regular work caused poverty.
Many men over the age of 50 are always out of work: Useful as it is accurate that older men often faced poverty due to unemployment.
A major reason for working people living in poverty is low wages: Useful as it is accurate that low pay was a main cause of poverty.
Points of significant omission
children born into poverty grew up in poverty
poverty was also caused by old age/when people were too old to work/no pensions
Rowntree studied York and uncovered similar levels of poverty as Booth
poverty was also sometimes secondary β caused by drinking, gambling etc.
To what extent9 marks2021Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How successful were the reforms of the Liberal Government of 1906β1914 in helping groups at risk in Britain?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement; 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
The young
poor children received one free school meal a day, which improved their diet
medical inspections identified health problems in children
later (1912), school clinics were introduced to treat children
school meals were only during term-time
until school clinics were introduced, no treatment was given for problems identified during, medical inspections
The old
pensions were provided for many after 70/enough to keep pensioners out of the workhouse
many people did not live until the age of 70 to claim their pension/5s a week was below subsistence level
The sick
workers covered by the National Insurance Act (Part 1) received some sick pay (10s a week for 26 weeks, 5s a week thereafter)
free medical treatment/maternity grant/sanatorium treatment were also part of National Insurance (Part 1)
the families of workers were not covered by National Insurance
The unemployed
workers covered by the National Insurance Act (Part 2) received some unemployment benefit (7s a week for 15 weeks)
Labour Exchanges were introduced in 1909 to help the unemployed find work
Explain6 marks2021Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the experiences of the Second World War changed attitudes to poverty in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the rich and poor suffered alike from bombing which created a sense of unity/common purpose to rebuild after the war
everyoneβs food was rationed so people felt that they were βin it togetherβ
rationing was necessary state intervention
evacuation revealed terrible levels of poverty amongst inner-city children which created a determination to tackle this after the war
the war ended laissez-faire for good because the government had to intervene so much in peopleβs lives (for example, rationing, conscription, Ministry of Food)
school milk and meals/extra rations and vitamins for some were provided by the government
the Beveridge Report was published (in 1942), giving the country something to fight for
the Beveridge Report created an expectation of welfare reform after the war
concerns about welfare raised during the war meant that all the parties promised welfare reform in their 1945 election manifestoes.
How fully6 marks2021Q45The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source B describe the changes to education made after 1945?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes changes to education made after 1945.
After the war was over, it became Labourβs job to implement the 1944 Education Act. This meant that for the first time secondary education was free and compulsory for everyone. Over 1,000 new schools were built because of this and also to replace schools that had been destroyed during the war. Some of the new secondary schools were to be technical schools, where pupils would receive a scientific and technical education. For the first time the education system was clearly organised into stages; primary, secondary and further education.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source, and up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
this meant that for the first time secondary education was free and compulsory for everyone
over 1,000 new schools were built (because of this and to replace schools that had been destroyed during the war)
some of the new secondary schools were to be technical schools, where pupils would receive a scientific and technical education
for the first time the education system was clearly organised into stages; primary, secondary and further education.
Points of significant omission
the 11+/βQualyβ exam was introduced at the end of primary school to determine which secondary school pupils would go to
those who passed the exam went to Grammar schools (Senior Secondaries in Scotland)
those who did not pass the exam went to Secondary Modern school (Junior Secondaries in Scotland)
very few technical schools were ever built
the school leaving age was raised to 15
more middle class children went to grammar schools/the new system did not benefit working class children.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019 specimenQ42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of poverty in Britain in the 1890s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a report written by a social investigator about conditions in London in 1892.
The building was spread over two floors. The two room apartment on the ground floor is occupied by Fletcher, a pedlar, his wife and six of his children. Eight feet squareβthat is about the average of many of these rooms. On the first floor are the Lawson and Bewley families. In most of the apartments the walls and ceilings are black with filth. In these buildings it is a common occurrence to find sewage running down the walls.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect
Author: Social investigator β Useful as would be an eyewitness/has expertise
Type of source: Report β Useful because reports are usually well researched
Purpose: Inform/persuade β Useful because it provides a detailed description of the effects of poverty/less useful as could exaggerate to try to bring about improvements
Timing: 1892 β Useful because it was from a time of widespread poverty in Britain
Content
The two room apartment on the ground floor is occupied by Fletcher, a pedlar, his wife and six of his children. β Useful as it is accurate (because many people lived in very overcrowded conditions).
In most of the apartments the walls and ceilings are black with filth. β Useful as it is accurate (because in many rooms the wall and ceilings were very dirty).
In these buildings it is a common occurrence to find sewage running down the walls. β Useful as it is accurate (because it wasn't unusual to find sewage seeping through the walls).
Points of significant omission
many people lived in poor quality housing which was often damp/lacked good ventilation/little sunlight
lack of fresh, clean water made it difficult to keep themselves/houses clean
poor sanitation led to frequent outbreaks of disease
poor diet/children often malnourished which contributed to poor health.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source B describe the limitations of the Liberal welfare reforms of 1906β1914? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the limitations of the Liberal welfare reforms of 1906β1914.
The Liberal reforms were just a beginning. They were a long way short of solving all the problems. Medical care was only provided for the worker, it did not cover his wife or children. Other benefits were only to last for a short period of time. The amounts paid as benefits were not enough to live on. Old Age Pensions were paid for the first time in 1909. However as the pension only applied to people over 70, many elderly still received no help.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
medical care was only provided for the worker, it did not cover his wife or children
other benefits were only to last for a short period of time
the amounts paid as benefits were not enough to live on
as the pension only applied to people over 70, many elderly still received no help.
Points of significant omission
not compulsory for local authorities to introduce free school meals
school medical inspections did not provide treatment (until school clinics in 1912)
amount of old age pensions was not enough to prevent poverty
health insurance lasted only 13 weeks at 10s, 5s weekly for next 13 weeks
unemployment insurance only covered certain/seasonal industries
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the Labour Government introduced the Welfare State in 1948.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
bombing broke down barriers between middle and working classes eg bomb shelters, war work and people began to have more sympathy for each other
during the war, classes were mixing in society who previously had little in common which led to greater sympathy towards helping those in need/a greater sense of βcommunityβ was created
evacuation exposed continuing poverty in cities and created desire for Government action to improve things
in wartime the Government took more responsibility for the nation's health eg free milk and vitamins/free medical care for those who were victims of war and people saw the benefit of this
rationing during the war helped encourage the idea of universal sharing of the nation's food supply and people wanted this to continue
during the war the Government interfered more in people's lives eg conscription, direction of labour and many wanted this to continue
as a result of people's experience during the war, Government assistance was no longer seen as shameful
suffering of war caused a determination to create a better society once the war was over/the public expected the Government to do more for them since they had worked together to achieve victory during the war
Beveridge Report produced in 1942 was well received by the public and encouraged Government involvement in solving the problems of society
Beveridge Report showed the true nature of poverty and had widespread support
changing expectations of Government involvement in easing the problems of society since everyone was suffering hardship
Labour Party's socialist ideology said there should be redistribution of wealth.
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ45The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
To what extent was the NHS the most beneficial social reform introduced by the Labour Government after 1948?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
National Health Service
National Health Service Act provided free medical treatment for everyone
National Health Service offered many services eg hospitals, dentistry, opticians, prescriptions, vaccinations.
National Insurance
National Insurance Act provided comprehensive insurance for all workers eg sickness and unemployment benefit, pensions
National Assistance Act provided benefits for those not covered by the National Insurance Act
maternity and widows' benefits ensured that families were also covered
Family Allowance Act provided extra financial help to families with more than one child.
Housing
200,000 homes built a year between 1948 and 1951
New Towns Act laid plans for 14 new towns in Britain which helped ease overcrowding in cities and create healthier living conditions.
Education
Education Act made secondary education compulsory up to the age of 15 which improved education opportunities/made secondary education a reality for all
massive school building programme was started which improved access to education.
Employment
the government promoted a policy of full employment
nationalisation of key industries eg electricity, gas, iron and steel, kept unemployment levels down to 2.5%.
How fully6 marks2019Q46The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source A describe the causes of poverty in the early 1900s?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the causes of poverty in the early 1900s.
For many years it had been the common belief that if people were poor it was their own fault. However, by the early 1900s, people were beginning to accept that this was not always the case. The death of a wage earner could plunge a family into poverty. Sickness or injury caused by poor working conditions could also prevent people from earning. Those who earned low wages usually lived below the poverty line. Also, no-one could blame children born into poor families for their own poverty.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the death of a wage earner could plunge a family into poverty
sickness or injury caused by poor working conditions could also prevent people from earning
those who earned low wages usually lived below the poverty line
no-one could blame children born into poor families for their own poverty
Points of significant omission
lack of state benefits (for example sickness/unemployment)
Describe4 marks2019Q47The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the surveys and findings of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Booth studied London/Rowntree studied York to map levels of poverty
report called 'Life and Labour of the People of London'/report called 'Poverty, a Study of Town Life'
took many years (1899-1903)/published in several volumes
the investigations established that some people were poor through no fault of their own
Booth discovered that one third (30.7%) of the population of London were living in poverty
Rowntree discovered that about a third (27.8%) of the population of York were living in poverty
Rowntree came up with the idea of the 'poverty line'/cycle of poverty
Rowntree studied earnings/price of food/how much money a family needed in order to maintain a minimum standard of living
Explain6 marks2019Q48The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the Liberal reforms of 1906β1914 led to improvements in the lives of the young and the old.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
school meals meant that poor children got at least one meal a day
medical inspections informed parents of illnesses/medical conditions that their children had
medical treatment was eventually introduced (in 1912/school clinics) to treat sick children
the Children's Charter prevented the abuse and neglect of children
the Children's Charter meant that children who had broken the law were not now treated in the same way as adult criminals
the Children's Charter abolished the death penalty for children
old age pensions prevented many elderly from having to end their lives in the workhouse/helped the elderly stay out of poverty
banning children under 16 from buying tobacco and banning children under 18 from buying alcohol improved the lives of children
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q49The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the impact of the Second World War on changing attitudes to poverty in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2000
Source B is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2000.
The first experience of war for many families was the evacuation of their children. Sending working-class children from cities to middle-class families in the countryside showed the true poverty that still affected many British families. The war created a 'climate of solidarity' which was a feeling that 'everyone was in it together'. The bombing had affected rich and poor alike. The ration book also became a symbol of fair shares and equal sacrifice for all.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: modern historian. Useful as he is a well-informed expert.
Type of Source: textbook. Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose: to inform. Useful as it is intended to provide a balanced account.
Timing: 2000. Useful as the author has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Sending working-class children from cities to middle-class families in the countryside showed the true poverty that still affected many British families. Useful as this is accurate (people in the countryside were shocked by the poverty of working class children from the cities).
The war created a 'climate of solidarity' which was a feeling that 'everyone was in it together'/the bombing had affected rich and poor alike. Useful as this is accurate (the war did bring people together).
The ration book also became a symbol of fair shares and equal sacrifice for all. Useful as this is accurate (rationing did affect everyone).
Points of significant omission
the Beveridge Report made people aware of how to tackle poverty and created an expectation of reform after the war
during the War the government became more involved in people's lives/welfare (free school milk/vitamins for expectant mothers/Ministry of Food/increase in pensions)
the War meant that more government involvement in people's lives was accepted/ended laissez-faire attitudes
Compare the views4 marks2019Q50The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the success of the Labour Reforms of 1945β1951.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the success of the Labour Reforms of 1945β1951.
The National Health Service was definitely the 'jewel in the crown' of the welfare state, and the most successful of the post-war Labour Reforms. Nationalisation kept unemployment very low in the industries which came under government control, such as coal, gas and steel. 'Prefabs' were ready-made factory built houses that could be quickly slotted together on-site. These homes provided an effective temporary solution to the post-war housing shortage.
Source D
Government control of nationalised industries only protected some jobs, but these industries were very badly run and several eventually had to close down. The success of the NHS was greatly limited in that it was also a very costly reform and the Government had to introduce charges for some items. Bevan resigned in disgust after the introduction of these charges. Prefabs ended up being far more of a long-term housing problem than intended.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the success of the Labour Reforms of 1945β1951.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: NHS the 'jewel in the crown' of the welfare state and the most successful of the post-war Labour Reforms.
Source D: The success of the NHS was greatly limited as it was a very costly reform.
disagree
Source C: Nationalisation kept unemployment very low in the industries which came under government control.
Source D: Government control of nationalised industries only protected some jobs, but these industries were very badly run and several eventually had to close down.
disagree
Source C: (Prefabs) provided an effective temporary solution to the post-war housing shortage.
Source D: Prefabs ended up being far more of a long-term housing problem than originally intended.
Explain6 marks2018Q41The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why many people believed some groups of the poor deserved to be helped before 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
reports of Booth and Rowntree highlighted the need for government intervention to tackle poverty
children were too young to be able to work and provide for themselves so deserved help if they were poor
children were often born into poverty which was no fault of their own so they deserved help
many children had to work instead of going to school so help for their families may enable them to go to school
the old were often unable to work and support themselves so they deserved some help
the old often ended up in the workhouse as they had been unable to save for their old age so it was seen as fair that they should receive some help from the state
the sick were unable to work and usually there was no sick pay so they deserved some help
medical treatment had to be paid for which many could not afford so they deserved some help
many of the unemployed were seasonally unemployed so they deserved help at certain times of year
finding work was difficult/employment was often irregular/workers often lost their jobs with no warning so they deserved some help.
To what extent9 marks2018Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
To what extent were free school meals the most successful of the Liberal Reforms for the young?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors).
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structure, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
free school meals
often the only meal that children had in a day, making them healthier
helped poor families, as meals were paid for through local taxes
childrenβs health deteriorated during the school holidays, showing how important school meals were
not made compulsory until 1914 so many children did not benefit/children were benefitted after 1914
medical inspections
only identified problems at first/did not provide treatment (although did put pressure on government to act)
led to further reform/prompted the introduction of school clinics in 1912 providing free treatment
Childrenβs Charter
banned children under 16 from buying tobacco and children under 18 from buying alcohol so improved child health
juvenile remand homes/courts/prisons/probation officers meant that child criminals were no longer treated like adult criminals
abolished the death penalty for children which was fairer
fires in homes had to be guarded helping to prevent children from being burned in accidents
children could be removed from parents who did not take care of them improving their welfare
Compare the views4 marks2018Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the benefits of the 1911 National Insurance Act.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the benefits of the 1911 National Insurance Act.
All workers earning under Β£160 per year had to make a payment of 4 pence per week to the National Insurance fund. In return, insured workers received 10 shillings per week for the first 26 weeks of illness and 5 shillings a week after that. They were also entitled to free visits to the doctor and medicine. In addition, there was a maternity grant of 30 shillings for insured workers.
Source B
Some workers resented having to make weekly National Insurance contributions, but the act had many benefits. When insured workers had a baby, they were given a grant of 30 shillings. The 1911 Act also gave insured workers 10 shillings a week for the first six months of sickness and this benefit was then halved until they were fit to return to work. Insured workers were also provided with free medical care.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by a combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources agree about the benefits of the 1911 National Insurance Act.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Insured workers received 10 shillings per week for the first 26 weeks of illness and 5 shillings a week after that.
Source B: The 1911 Act also gave insured workers 10 shillings a week for the first six months of sickness and this benefit was then halved until they were fit to return to work.
agree
Source A: They were also entitled to free visits to the doctor and medicine.
Source B: Insured workers were also provided with free medical care.
agree
Source A: there was a maternity grant for insured workers of 30 shillings.
Source B: When insured workers had a baby they were given a grant of 30 shillings.
How fully6 marks2018Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source C explain why the Second World War helped to bring about a welfare state?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains why the Second World War helped to bring about a welfare state.
In many ways, the Second World War brought people together, created a sense of community and made people determined to create a better Britain. Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of a coalition government after 1940. The government intervened in peopleβs lives more during the war, moving further away from a βlaissez-faireβ approach. Rationing was brought in and the Ministry of Food was created, to make sure that everyone got a fair share of food. Some other reforms were introduced before 1945, such as family allowances.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the war brought people together/created a sense of community/made people determined to create a better Britain
the government intervened in peopleβs lives more/moved away from βlaissez-faireβ
rationing was brought in/the Ministry of Food was created (to make sure everyone got a fair share of food)
family allowances were introduced before 1945
Points of significant omission
evacuation raised awareness of levels of poverty/created a determination to tackle poverty amongst children
bombing levelled the social classes which created a sense of shared suffering and helped to change peopleβs attitudes
the Beveridge Report sold hundreds of thousands of copies/created a public expectation of reform
some of the βGiantsβ were tackled before the end of the war such as βIgnoranceβ with the 1944 Butler Act
people accepted more government involvement in their lives because of things such as conscription.
Describe4 marks2018Q45The Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the Labour reforms which improved the lives of British people between 1945 and 1951.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
National Insurance was extended to prevent all workers from falling into poverty when they were sick or unemployed
National Insurance extended pensions for the old
National Insurance was universal/comprehensive (people were covered from the cradle to the grave)
National Assistance was available as a safety-net for those not covered by National Insurance
a National Health Service was introduced
many industries were nationalised
housing was improved with prefabs
housing was improved by the building of New Towns.
To what extent8 marks2017Q33β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
To what extent were the reports of Booth and Rowntree the main reason for changing attitudes to poverty around 1900?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to support factors (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks: 1 mark for a structured answer with knowledge organised in support of different factors; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark for a reason provided in support of the judgement.
Booth and Rowntree
Booth's report showed that 30.7% of the population of London were living in poverty. This shocked the public and government/provided evidence of poverty that could not be ignored
Booth's report showed that poverty was not always the poor person's own fault and helped to change laissez-faire/self-help attitudes
Rowntree's report showed that 27.8% of the population of York were living in poverty. This shocked the public and government/provided evidence of poverty that could not be ignored
Rowntree's report showed that poverty wasn't just in London/something had to be done to tackle poverty across Britain
Rowntree's report showed that there was a cycle of poverty, so helped convince people that the poor needed help at certain times of their lives
The Boer War/National Efficiency
during the Boer War 1/3 (as high as 2/3 in some areas) of recruits were unfit for service. This was often due to poor health caused by poverty - people were worried that if poverty was not tackled then Britain would not be able to defend herself in a war
people were concerned that Britain would not have a healthy productive workforce if poverty was not tackled
New Liberalism
new Liberals such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill wanted to pass reforms to help the poor and helped to change attitudes in the Liberal Party
The German example
the Germans had introduced welfare reforms already (pensions and national insurance) so the British wanted to keep up with Germany
Democracy/Trade Unions/The Threat of Labour
more men/the working classes could now vote so political parties had to change their policies on poverty to avoid losing votes
Trade unions were becoming bigger/more influential/had helped to form the Labour Party and were pushing for reforms to help the poor
the Labour Party was formed in 1900 and supported reforms to help the poor/The other parties had to respond, or they would lose votes to the new Labour Party
Explain6 marks2017Q34β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the Liberal Reforms of 1906β1914 improved the lives of some British people.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
free school meals made children healthier because this was the only meal that many children got in a day/parents could not afford to feed children at home
medical inspections at school made children healthier because they identified medical problems/later treatment was introduced
The Children Act/Children's Charter improved the lives of the young because they would no longer be sent to adult prisons/treated as adult criminals
The Children Act/Children's Charter improved the lives of the young because children could no longer be sentenced to death for committing a crime
Pensions improved the lives of the elderly because they helped many of the elderly poor to stay out of the workhouse/gave the elderly poor enough extra money to get by
National Insurance helped to make workers healthier because free medical treatment was provided for insured workers
National Insurance improved the lives of families because maternity grants were given after the birth of children
National Insurance improved the lives of workers because they could now receive free specialist medical treatment for TB
National Insurance improved the lives of the unemployed because some workers received unemployment benefit, helping them to stay out of poverty
The Workmen's Compensation Act improved the lives of workers because now they could get compensation for illness or injury caused by work
Labour exchanges improved the lives of the unemployed because they helped them to find a job and earn money
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2017Q35β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is a government advertisement published in May 1948.
YOUR NEW NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
On 5th July the new National Health Service starts for the benefit of the public all over Britain.
Anyone can use it β men, women and children. There are no age limits. You can use any part of it, or all of it, as you wish. Your right to use the National Health Service does not depend upon any weekly payments.
Choose your doctor now.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: Government β Useful as the government will have knowledge of the health service they are introducing
Type of Source: Advertisement β Useful as it will be informative/easy to understand
Purpose: To inform β Useful as it is intended to give a summary of how the NHS will work
Timing: May 1948 β Useful as it is a primary source from the time that the NHS was introduced
Points from the source
The new NHS starts on the 5th July β Useful as it is accurate (the NHS was launched in the summer of 1948)
Anyone can use the NHS/men, women children/no age limits β Useful as this is accurate (the NHS was available to all)
Right to use NHS does not depend on weekly payments β Useful as this is accurate (access to the NHS did not depend on contributions)
Points of significant omission
the NHS provided many services β GPs, hospital treatment, specialist treatment, opticians, dentists for example
the NHS was introduced by Aneurin Bevan
the NHS was recommended in the Beveridge Report/to tackle the 'giant' of disease
there was a huge demand for NHS services after it was introduced
Describe5 marks2016Q32β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the problems facing the poor by the early 1900s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
How fully6 marks2016Q33β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source A explain the reasons for changing attitudes to poverty by the 1900s?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about changing attitudes to poverty.
In 1900 the Labour Party was formed. This new party campaigned for reforms to tackle poverty. Other parties were afraid that they might lose votes to Labour if they did not show that they wanted to help the poor. Most working class men now had the vote, so it was possible that they could vote for Labour. Trade unions put pressure on the Liberals and Conservatives to do more to help the poor. Society was beginning to accept that some people became poor through no fault of their own.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
other parties were afraid that they might lose votes to Labour if they did not show that they wanted to help the poor
most working class men now had the vote, so it was possible that they could vote for Labour
Trade unions put pressure on the Liberals and Conservatives, to do more to help the poor
society was beginning to accept that some people became poor through no fault of their own
Points of significant omission
Boothβs survey revealed high levels of poverty in London.
Rowntreeβs survey revealed that the problem was not confined to London β provincial cities like York affected too.
concerns over fitness of recruits during Boer War led to desire to improve health by tackling poverty.
concerns over national efficiency/worries about Britainβs future workforce led to desire to tackle poverty and poor health
other countries beginning to challenge Britainβs position (eg Germany and the USA)
βNew Liberalsβ accepted that government had to intervene more in the lives of the people to help the poor
politicians such as David Lloyd George came from a working class background and had genuine concern for the poor
the Germans had introduced some welfare reforms already and the βGerman Modelβ was studied and copied by the British/David Lloyd George had visited Germany for this purpose
Explain5 marks2016Q34β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the reforms of the Liberal government of 1906β1914 did not fully meet the needs of the British people.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Liberals had no overall plan for social reform
reforms were selective/only helped some groups/deserving poor
benefit levels were ungenerous/often below subsistence level (eg pensions)
many of the reforms were voluntary/optional/control given to local authorities (eg school meals only made compulsory in 1914)
unemployment benefit only paid for short-term (15 weeks), so did not tackle long-term unemployment
unemployment insurance only for certain trades
problems with pensions (eg payable at 70 β well above average life-expectancy)
medical inspections did not provide treatment (until 1912 when school clinics introduced)
health insurance did not cover most hospital treatment
families of workers not covered by health insurance
housing not tackled at all
Education barely tackled (apart from some scholarships in 1907/8 Education Act)
Compare the views4 marks2016Q35β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the success of the reforms of the Labour Government of 1945β1951.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the success of the reforms of the Labour Government of 1945β1951.
There is some disagreement amongst historians about how successful the Labour reforms actually were. However, their record of success is difficult to argue with. The National Health Service was the greatest achievement of the Labour welfare state, giving free medical and dental treatment to all. Considerable progress was made in tackling the housing shortage. Between 1948 and 1951, around 200,000 homes were built per year.
Source C
Labour came to power in 1945. Their reputation of being the creator of the modern welfare state is not entirely deserved. Labourβs record on house building was poor when compared to previous governments. Labour claimed the credit for maintaining low levels of unemployment, but this was mainly due to booming private industry and exports. By 1951, charges had to be introduced for some dental treatment, spectacles and prescriptions, meaning the NHS was not entirely free.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks.
Overall: The sources disagree about the success of the Labour reforms
Points of comparison
disagree
Source B: Their record of success is difficult to argue with
Source C: Their reputation β¦ is not entirely deserved
disagree
Source B: The National Health Service was the greatest achievement of the Labour welfare state, giving free medical and dental treatment to all
Source C: By 1951, charges had to be introduced (for some dental treatment, spectacles and prescriptions) meaning that the NHS was not an entirely free service.
disagree
Source B: Considerable progress was made in tackling the housing shortage/between 1948 and 1951, around 200,000 homes were built per year
Source C: Labourβs record on house building is poor (when compared to that of the previous governments of the 1930s)
Describe5 marks2015Q37β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Describe the reforms introduced by the Liberal Government of 1906β1914 to help the sick.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
School Medical Inspections were introduced in 1907
local councils received grants to provide medical treatment for the poor (school clinics were introduced in 1912)
Liberals introduced national insurance for sickness/National Insurance Act (Part 1)
contributory scheme/workers, employers and state paid into the scheme
government tried to sell the scheme with the slogan β9d for 4dβ
compulsory for all workers who earned under Β£160 per year
contributions were recorded by stamps on cards
insured workers received benefits when they were off sick (10 shillings per week for 26 weeks/5 shillings a week after that until fit to return to work)
free medical treatment and medicine for insured workers
sanatorium treatment for those suffering from TB
National Insurance covered wage-earners, but not their families
(Workmenβs Compensation Act) provided compensation for workers injured or made ill through work
workers entitled to half of their salary until they were fit to return to work
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2015Q38β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the benefits of the 1908 Old Age Pensions Act.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a book by Flora Thompson about her own life, published in 1939.
When pensions began, life was transformed for the old. They were no longer anxious and were suddenly rich. When they went to the Post Office to collect it, tears of gratitude would run down their cheeks and they would say as they picked up their money βGod bless that Lord Georgeβ. They gave flowers from their gardens and apples from their trees to the girl who merely handed them the money.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks each may be given for comments relating to the content of the source and to points of significant omission.
Author: Book based on authorβs own life/autobiographical
Useful as eyewitness account
Type of Source: Book
Useful because it will have been well researched/based on personal experience
Purpose: To inform readers of the benefits of pensions
Useful as it is an honest personal reflection
Timing: Published in 1939, over 30 years after the events it describes
Less useful as details may have been forgotten/author may selectively remember the facts or useful because it has the benefit of hindsight
Content
Pensions transformed the life of the old β Useful as it is accurate that pensions did make a real difference to many/Less useful as an exaggeration. Pensions helped those who were entitled, but limited.
Pensioners were relieved of anxiety and were suddenly rich β Useful as it is accurate that pensions did relieve anxiety for many of the elderly poor/Less useful as exaggeration. Pension amount was very small.
Pensioners were grateful/tears of gratitude/God bless that Lord George β Useful as it is accurate that pensioners were grateful/pensions helped to keep some of the elderly poor out of the workhouse
Points of significant omission
amount of pensions β between 1s and 5s on a sliding scale/7s 6d for a married couple
who was entitled to pensions β over 70s
pensions were non-contributory
collection at the Post Office removed the stigma of Poor Relief
exemptions β those who had been in prison within last ten years/those who had habitually failed to work
pensions were not intended to provide subsistence
pensions did keep many of the elderly poor out of the workhouse
How fully5 marks2015Q39β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
How fully does Source B explain the recommendations of the 1942 Beveridge Report?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source B and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the Beveridge Report which was published in 1942.
The Beveridge Report was published in 1942 and sold over 635,000 copies. The report identified the five βgiant evilsβ facing Britain. Beveridge believed that tackling one of the five giants wouldnβt do much good; the government would have to tackle them all. He recommended that there should be a welfare system that would look after people from the βcradle to the graveβ. He believed that there should be benefits for the unemployed, the sick, the elderly and widows. He also advised the government to adopt a policy of full employment.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of relevant parts of the source where at least one point of significant omission is also identified.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
tackling one of the five giants wouldnβt do much good; the government would have to tackle them all
there should be a welfare system that would look after people from the βcradle to the graveβ
there should be a comprehensive social security system, providing benefits for the unemployed, the sick, the elderly and widows
advised the government to adopt a policy of full employment
Points of significant omission
explanation of what the βfive giantsβ were
National Health Service to tackle disease
family allowances to tackle poverty/want
System of national insurance to tackle want
standard weekly national insurance payments were to be made by all workers
payments to be made at a standard rate, without a means test
unemployment benefit to be paid for an indefinite period
Reform of the education system/raising of school leaving age to tackle ignorance
Explain5 marks2015Q40β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the Labour Government reforms of 1945β1951 did not fully tackle the problem of squalor.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
by time of 1951 election still a shortage of (750,000) homes/(750,000) fewer houses than households
massive destruction/bombing of Second World War had created a huge housing shortage
great deal of slum housing still existed
post-war marriage and baby boom added to pressure for housing
shortage of building materials
shortage of skilled labour
Bevan given Ministry of Health and Housing β too much/should have been a separate Ministry of Housing
Bevan emphasised quality over quantity/insisted on a high standard for council houses
government faced financial restraints/had to prioritise
government faced many social problems/scale of problem meant that it would take more than one term to tackle
provision of prefab houses as a temporary solution to the housing shortage
New towns planned but not built by 1951 (12 planned in Scotland, only 4 built)
New towns isolated/lacked proper amenities/destroyed previous communities
To what extent8 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
To what extent was poor health the main cause of poverty by 1900?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks should be given for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, with knowledge being organised in support of different factors; 1 mark given for a valid judgement or overall conclusion; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the conclusion.
Poor health
Absence from work due to sickness could lead to loss of job/earnings
Poor could not afford doctors/medicine
Many occupations dangerous/few safety precautions eg miners/shipyards so greater chance of accidents/injury
Old age
Those on low wages unable to save, so when too old to work, fell into poverty
Limited poor relief
Caring for elderly relatives was an added burden on poor households
Death of wage-earner
Death of the main wage-earner would cause families to fall into poverty
Only limited compensation available for illness or accidents caused through work
Family size
Large families often lived below poverty-line, especially when children were very young
No easily available child-care, so mother often prevented from working
Irregular/low earnings/unemployment
Work was often cyclical/irregular or seasonal β causing temporary poverty
Wages were often below subsistence-level
Considerable time often had to be spent looking for work/queuing outside factory gates
Women were particularly low paid Β½ or even less male wages
Unemployment meant a lack of income
Other causes
Secondary poverty caused when earnings spent/wasted on other things β eg drinking or gambling
High rents used up a lot of family income
Discrimination could add to unemployment eg Irish in Scotland
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons why the Liberals introduced reforms to help the young.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from the book From the Cradle to the Grave: Social Welfare in Britain 1890s-1951 by historians and published in 2002.
One of the groups of "deserving poor" that the Liberals aimed to help in Britain was the young. The Boer War and the condition of many recruits led politicians to act. The Liberal government knew that poorer children would be the soldiers of the future. Healthy children would grow up to be healthy soldiers and workers, and the British Empire would be stronger as a result.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Historians β Useful because they would have researched the subject thoroughly
Type of Source: Modern history book β Useful as published sources tend to be factual
Purpose: To inform β Useful as will be a balanced/comprehensive account of reasons for Liberals passing reforms to help the young
Timing: Published in 2002 β Useful as written with the benefit of hindsight
Content
The Boer War and the condition of many recruits led politicians to act β Useful as the Boer War did raise concern about the fitness of recruits/national stock/efficiency
The children would be the soldiers of the future β Useful as this was a typical/important concern at the time of international tensions
Healthy children would grow up to be healthy soldiers and workers and the British Empire would be stronger as a result β Useful as there was great concern about Britain's status in the world
Points of significant omission
Rowntree's report in particular revealed that families with young children often fell below the poverty line.
Children regarded as 'deserving' poor.
Report of the 1904 Inter-departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration recommended reforms to improve the health of children/free school meals and medical inspections.
School leaving age 13/desire to improve access to free secondary education for some.
High levels of juvenile crime/often caused by poverty.
Desire to alter justice system which treated juvenile criminals in the same way as adult criminals.
Work of Margaret McMillan in pushing for school meals and medical inspections.
Explain6 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatThe Making of Modern Britain, 1880β1951
Explain the reasons why the Second World War changed attitudes to welfare reform in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Sense of determination/will to 'build a better Britain' after the war.
Evacuation highlighted the poor health/physical condition of children and the problem of poverty, so opened eyes/changed attitudes
Rich and poor subject to bombing/created need for reform
Rationing ensured a fair supply of food for all β rich and poor alike, levelled classes/created expectation of further government intervention
Social classes mixed more than ever before during the war β raised awareness of social problems and need for welfare reform
Government had been forced to intervene more during the war β eg Ministry of Food, rationing, and free health care for war-wounded/War forced government to change laissez-faire attitudes
Greater acceptance of government control during wartime was accepted to tackle post-war problems
War highlighted social problems that only the state could tackle β eg poverty, housing, people accepted this
Beveridge Report of 1942 highlighted social problems/Beveridge Report popular and created an expectation of government action
