Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
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Explain6 marks2026Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why peasants and industrial workers were unhappy in Russia before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
To what extent was the Tsarβs unpopularity the main reason for the 1905 Revolution?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β is from a diary written by a foreign visitor to Russia in 1917.
The Provisional Government has been set up after the abdication of the Tsar. They are making good progress towards democracy setting up an assembly and giving the right to free speech. However, it is very hard to find bread in the cities and the price is very high. Rich families are resentful at having to sell their most precious items to survive. There is widespread discontent at the failure to respond to the peopleβs demands, especially in giving land to the peasants.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully6 marks2026Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source B describe Leninβs return and the April Theses?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes Leninβs return and the April Theses.
Prior to Leninβs return, he had been living in Zurich, in Switzerland. The Bolshevik leadership had arranged a welcome at the Finland station in Petrograd. In April 1917, Lenin arrived in Petrograd and workers, soldiers and sailors all came to meet him. A lot of the crowd were holding up red banners and flags. Lenin called out to the crowd βLong live the Socialist world revolutionβ. The subsequent October Revolution led to a civil war in Russia in which many died.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Describe4 marks2025Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the social classes in Russia before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the Tsar and the Imperial family were at the top of the class system in Russia
nobility owned large areas of land
nobility supported the Tsar
relatively small middle class who wanted more of a role in the running of Russia
working classes lived mostly in the main cities, often in poor conditions
factory workers could be beaten or sacked by the factory owners
peasants were at the bottom of the class system in Russia
Explain6 marks2025Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why there was a revolution in Russia in 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Bloody Sunday led to many Russians believing the Tsar was responsible for the massacre
Bloody Sunday led to strikes breaking out in major cities, which led to further unrest
Tsarist autocratic rule caused growing unhappiness among the middle classes who wanted a constitutionally elected government
political challenges from organised opposition groups such as the Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats caused unrest
redemption payments increased hardship amongst the peasantry, and this furthered discontent
peasants were burdened with very high taxes
national minorities hated the policy of Russification as it repressed their language, customs and religion, for example, Poland
defeats by Japan were humiliating for Russians and led to widespread discontent with the Tsarβs leadership
discontent within the armed forces increased during the Russo-Japanese war
factory workers in the industrial cities faced terrible hardships, for example, long hours, low wages, dangerous working conditions, and poor living conditions
people hated the repressive policies of the Tsar and his government, and most groups felt that their problems were being ignored by his government
Compare the views4 marks2025Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Dumas.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Dumas.
After the 1905 uprising, the Tsar brought in some reforms. Importantly, the Tsar allowed for a parliament to be set up called a Duma. Elections were now to be held in Russia for the first time. However, many Russians felt that the Dumas had little power. For example, when the Tsar disagreed with the actions of the Duma, he closed it down. A new constitution was also established.
Source B
The establishment of a Duma meant that elections had to be set up in Russia. It was the Tsar who permitted the Dumas in 1906. This was one way that the Tsar felt he could avoid another revolution like the one that had broken out in 1905. However, the Tsar decided to close the first two Dumas because they were demanding more change in Russia.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the Dumas.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Importantly, the Tsar allowed for a parliament to be set up called a Duma.
Source B: It was the Tsar who permitted the Dumas in 1906.
agree
Source A: Elections were now to be held in Russia for the first time.
Source B: The establishment of a Duma meant that elections had to be set up in Russia.
agree
Source A: For example, when the Tsar disagreed with the actions of the Duma, he closed it down.
Source B: However, the Tsar decided to close the first two Dumas because they were demanding more change in Russia.
To what extent9 marks2025Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How important was military defeat in causing the growing unpopularity of the Tsarist regime during the First World War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Military defeat
defeats caused unpopularity, for example, Tannenburg, Masurian Lakes
Tsar became Commander-in-Chief so could now be blamed for defeats
Tsar blamed for the shortages of weapons
high casualty rates made the Tsar even more unpopular
growing political opposition due to the continuation of the war
Tsarβs poor decision making
Tsar left the Tsarina in charge who was seen as a German spy who could not be trusted
Tsarina replaced ministers regularly who disagreed with her which caused confusion
Economic and social problems
shortages of food and fuel in Petrograd led to widespread discontent
rising prices due to inflation were rising faster than wages and this upset the Russian people
Rasputin
people resented his influence over the Tsarina
Rasputin brought his friends into important positions, which was not popular
Rasputin was seen as a drunkard and people disapproved of his corrupting influence
How fully6 marks2025Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source C describe the impact of the Civil War on Russia, 1917β1921?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the impact of the Civil War on Russia, 1917β1921.
The Russian Civil War lasted from 1917 until 1921. Thousands of Russians who were thought to oppose the Bolsheviks were murdered by the Cheka. The famine of 1921 made matters worse and led to mass starvation amongst the peasants. The economic policy of War Communism meant that grain was seized from peasants, making the famine worse. Workers in industrial factories went on strike due to pay and conditions during the War. However, by 1926 the economy had mostly recovered from the effects of the Civil War.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Thousands of Russians who were thought to oppose the Bolsheviks were murdered by the Cheka. (The Cheka were used by the Bolsheviks to kill any opposition.)
The famine of 1921 made matters worse and led to mass starvation amongst the peasants. (Many Russians perished as a result of the famine.)
The economic policy of War Communism meant that grain was seized from peasants, making the famine worse. (War Communism made food shortages much worse.)
Workers in industrial factories went on strike due to pay and conditions during the war. (Workers in Russia were paid so little during the Civil War they refused to work.)
Points of significant omission
many civilians died during the Russian Civil War
food and industrial production went into severe decline
many industrial workers left their jobs to go to the countryside in search of food
many civilians were pressured by both sides during the Civil War to support their cause
many civilians were conscripted into the Red and White armies
the Civil War led to significant rebellions, for example, Kronstadt, Tambov
Russians were forbidden to sell goods for their own profit, which worsened their standard of living
diseases such as typhoid broke out which killed over 3 million people
Describe4 marks2024Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the Russification of national minorities.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Russification enforced Russian culture on national minorities living in Russia
national minorities were made to use Russian in education
Russification caused significant discontent among national minorities, for example, Finland
regional centres of government and institutions were closed down
the Russian Orthodox Church became more important than any other religion
other religious groups objected to the suppression of their freedom to worship, for example, Catholics in Poland
organised attacks (pogroms) took place against Jews and Jewish property
the Tsar supported the Black Hundreds group which attacked national minorities who were seen as disloyal towards the Tsar
Russian was made the language of the law, business and government
Compare the views4 marks2024Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Tsarist government.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Tsarist government.
It was difficult to oppose the Tsar because he was an autocrat β he had unlimited power. Many powerful groups in Russian society, like the Orthodox Church, believed that the Tsar was the best ruler for the people. Yet there were political groups who wanted reform or revolution. The army was also loyal to the Tsar and enthusiastic in their breaking up of anti-government demonstrations. This form of autocracy would lead to problems for the Tsar.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the Tsarist government.
The Romanov dynasty controlled a vast empire. However, much of the Russian army was conscripted and therefore only supported the Tsar in putting down government opposition because they were forced to. There were also some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church who did not believe that the Tsar's rule was in the interests of the Russian people. It would be untrue therefore to say that the Tsar had limitless authority.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the Tsarist government.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: It was difficult to oppose the Tsar because he was an autocrat β he had unlimited power.
Source B: It would be untrue therefore to say that the Tsar had limitless authority.
disagree
Source A: Many powerful groups in Russian society, like the Russian Orthodox Church, believed that the Tsar was the best ruler for the Russian people.
Source B: There were also some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church who did not believe that the Tsar's rule was in the interests of the Russian people.
disagree
Source A: The army was also loyal to the Tsar and enthusiastic in their breaking up of anti-government demonstrations.
Source B: However, much of the Russian army was conscripted and therefore only supported the Tsar in putting down government opposition because they were forced to.
Explain6 marks2024Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why there were challenges to the Tsar's power by 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
there was peasant unrest due to redemption payments
bad harvests made the situation for peasants worse and caused discontent, for example, famine
industrial workers were angry about poor wages
workers were angry about working conditions, for example, long hours
growing number of violent strikes increased opposition to the Tsar
government repression made the situation worse, for example, by arresting leaders
radical politics among university students caused further discontent
defeat in the Russo β Japanese War led to unrest
some sections of the military become discontented, for example, the Potemkin Mutiny
events of Bloody Sunday in January 1905 led to discontent and strikes
the setting up of the St Petersburg and Moscow Soviets challenged the power of the Tsar
How fully6 marks2024Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source C explain the reasons for the February Revolution of 1917?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons for the February Revolution of 1917.
In 1917, the war was going badly for Russia and the Tsar was blamed for this failure. Most Russians wished for the war to end, whereas the Tsar wished to continue to fight, which lost the Tsar support. Many Russian people were starving, and they did not believe the government were capable of ensuring there was enough food. By early 1917, even the Duma had lost faith in the Tsar and refused to support him. By February of the same year, the Tsar had abdicated in favour of his brother.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
In 1917, the war was going very badly for Russia and the Tsar was blamed for this failure. (The Tsar was blamed for the army's failure.)
Most Russians wished for the war to end, whereas the Tsar wished to continue to fight, which lost the Tsar support. (The Tsar lost support from the Russian people as a result of continuing the war.)
Many Russian people were starving, and they did not believe the government were capable of ensuring there was enough food. (Russians did not believe the Tsar's government could solve food shortages.)
By early 1917, even the Duma had lost faith in the Tsar and refused to support him. (The Duma had stopped supporting the Tsar.)
Points of significant omission
many Russians resented that the Tsar had left the Tsarina in charge because they thought she was a German spy, which lost the Tsar support
the Tsarina allowed Rasputin to influence her decision making which discredited the Tsarist government
continued shortage of weapons and ammunition during First World War further discredited the Tsar's leadership
shortages and poor working conditions led to great discontent and many Russians blamed the Tsar for this
war effort devastated the economy, and the Tsar was blamed for this
the Tsar no longer had the support of the middle classes who now wished for a change in leadership
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of Lenin's return and the April Theses.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D β is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1994.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was important as the leader of the Bolsheviks, a revolutionary party. Before early 1917, Lenin had been in exile all over Europe, most recently Switzerland. Lenin only returned to Russia in April 1917 and he immediately issued the April Theses. Lenin firstly demanded the complete removal of support for the Provisional Government. Another key demand was the nationalisation of all banks in Russia.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as it has been written by an expert on Lenin's return and the April Theses.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as it will have been well researched prior to publishing.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it has been written in order to explain the impact of Lenin's return.
Timing: 1994 β Useful as it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Lenin only returned to Russia in April 1917 and he immediately issued the April Theses. (Useful because it is accurate (Lenin set out the April Theses as soon as he returned to Russia).)
Lenin firstly demanded the complete removal of support for the Provisional Government. (Useful because it is accurate (Lenin did call for the withdrawal of support to the Provisional Government).)
Another key demand was the nationalisation of all banks in Russia. (Useful because it is accurate (Lenin did call for banks to be taken over by the government).)
Points of significant omission
Lenin returned to Russia on a sealed train provided by Germany
Lenin demanded the setting up of Soviets to form the Government of Russia, for example, 'All Power to the Soviets'
the confiscation of all landed estates
Lenin called for an end to the war, for example, Land, Peace and Bread
How fully6 marks2023Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A describe how the Tsarist government controlled Russia before 1905?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes how the Tsarist government controlled Russia before 1905.
Nicholas II had become Tsar in 1894 after the death of his father. By 1900, Russia had become the fourth largest industrial country in the world. If any Russians disobeyed the Tsar, they could be flogged, beaten or even executed. The Tsarβs ministers, whom he chose personally, helped him to rule Russia. At this time, there was no parliament in Russia so there were no elections. The Russian Orthodox Church also helped maintain the Tsarβs rule by promoting him as the βLittle Fatherβ, who was appointed by God.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
If any Russians disobeyed the Tsar, they could be flogged, beaten or even executed. (Discipline in Tsarist Russia was very harsh.)
The Tsarβs ministers, whom he chose personally, helped him to rule Russia. (This shows that the Tsar had people to help him rule Russia.)
At this time, there was no parliament in Russia so there were no elections. (This shows that the Russian people had no say in their government.)
The Russian Orthodox Church also helped maintain the Tsarβs rule by promoting him as the βLittle Fatherβ, who was appointed by God. (The Russian Orthodox Church promoted the Tsar as the ultimate ruler in Russia.)
Points of significant omission
the Okhrana (secret police) were used to identify and spy on enemies of the Tsarist government
the army was used to enforce the Tsarist government
the Russian legal system was designed to maintain autocracy and the power of the Tsar
the Civil Service was used by the Tsar to control everyday life
Russification was used to control non-Russian peoples
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Stolypinβs reforms.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a speech made by Pyotr Stolypin in 1907
Source B is from a speech made by Pyotr Stolypin in 1907.
Gentlemen, and members of the State Duma. The government has just recently set up a land fund. The Russian peasants are the backbone of our society, we must try and give them true freedom. The peasant bank, which has also been established by this government, must now be improved. Our poorest must also be helped financially, so we will award them with credit facilities too. All of Russia must come together to make these reforms successful.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: Pyotr Stolypin (Useful as he is an eyewitness and creator of the reforms.)
Type of Source: speech (Useful as it will contain details of the reforms.)
Purpose: to inform (Useful as it has been said to explain what the reforms were and why they were being introduced.)
Timing: 1907 (Useful as it is from the time the reforms were being introduced.)
Content
The government has just recently set up a land fund. (Useful because it is accurate (a land fund had been established).)
The peasant bank, which has also been established by this government, must now be improved. (Useful because it is accurate (a peasant bank had been established).)
Our poorest must also be helped financially, so we will award them with credit facilities too. (Useful because it is accurate (peasants had access to credit facilities).)
Points of significant omission
Stolypinβs reforms led to an expansion of health services
Explain6 marks2023Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government in 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
they had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet who challenged the Provisional Governmentβs authority
they represented the old ruling class (Duma), leading to a loss of support
the Provisional Government did nothing to stop the war
the Provisional Government ordered that deserters from the war be shot, which further angered many Russians
the war effort by the Provisional Government was a failure, leading to a loss of support, for example, failure of Kerenskyβs June Offensive, which angered many Russians
the Provisional Government failed to resolve the problems of food and fuel shortages in parts of Russia, for example, Petrograd
Russians were angry that the Provisional Government had not stopped the problems of inflation and rising prices
many peasants came to hate the Provisional Government as they did not attempt to solve the land problem
the Provisional Government failed because they did not do anything to deal with their opponents, for example, Lenin was still allowed to continue attacking the Provisional Government in his speeches
the Kornilov Revolt had forced the Provisional Government to seek help from the Bolsheviks to put it down which made it look weak in the eyes of many Russians
To what extent9 marks2023Q70(a)Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
To what extent were the weaknesses of the Whites the main reason for Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Weakness of the Whites
White leadership was disorganised, and divided
corruption amongst White leadership alienated Russian people
the White armies were geographically distant from each other
Red leadership
Trotsky was an excellent military leader and strategist
experienced former Tsarist officers were used to lead the Red Army
political commissars helped to spread socialist ideas and maintain loyalty to the Bolsheviks
Red Terror
fear of the Cheka led to strict discipline of the Red Army
former Tsarist officers were forced to lead Bolshevik forces as their families were held hostage
Bolshevik control
War Communism was used to help supply the war effort
Red Army controlled a compact central area with key industries and transport
Propaganda
the Bolsheviks distributed effective propaganda such as films, speeches, newspapers, and leaflets which boosted support
Foreign intervention
foreign nations did not commit to supplying the White Army in any strength
To what extent9 marks2023Q70(b)Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
To what extent was growing opposition to the Tsar the main reason for the 1905 Revolution?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Opposition to the Tsar
middle classes resented having no political power
political challenges from organised opposition groups, for example, Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats
Tsar was seen as being too weak and unable to make good decisions for Russia
Russification had alienated national minorities
Bloody Sunday
Russian troops firing on an unarmed crowd led to anger across Russia, for example, widespread strikes
Tsar blamed for the massacre and many Russians held him responsible
outbreak of terrorist attacks targeted at government officials and landowners
Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War
defeat by Japan were humiliating for Russia and led to widespread discontent
Potemkin naval mutiny in the Black Sea fleet threatened support for the Tsar
the government was accused of providing inadequate supplies and equipment to Russiaβs armed forces
Describe4 marks2022Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the methods used by the Tsarist government to control Russia before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Tsar was an autocrat so nobody was able to challenge his authority
the Okhrana (Secret Police) was used to identify and spy on enemies of the state
political opponents routinely imprisoned or exiled
the army was used to enforce the Tsarβs power
the Russian Orthodox Church reinforced the Tsarβs authority
the Russian legal system was designed to maintain autocracy and the power of the Tsar
the Civil Service was used by the Tsar to control everyday life, for example, censorship
To what extent9 marks2022Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How important was Bloody Sunday as a reason for the 1905 Revolution?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Bloody Sunday
Russian troops fired on an unarmed and peaceful crowd led by Father Gapon
strikes broke out in all major towns and cities
Tsar blamed for the massacre and many Russians held him responsible
Opposition to Tsar Nicholas II
Tsarist autocratic rule caused growing unhappiness among the middle class who preferred a constitutionally elected government
political challenges from organised opposition groups such as the Kadets, Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats
Tsar Nicholas II was seen as being too weak and unable to make good decisions for Russia in a crisis
national minorities hated the policy of Russification as it repressed their language, customs and religion
Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War
defeats by Japan were humiliating for Russia and led to widespread discontent
defeat in the war increased discontent in Russia over the Tsarβs leadership
Potemkin naval mutiny in the Black Sea fleet over poor conditions and incompetent leadership threatened to spread and weakened support for the Tsar
the government was accused of providing inadequate supplies and equipment to Russiaβs armed forces, for example, Lake Baikal bottleneck on the Trans-Siberian Railway
increased discontent in the Russian armed forces because of successive defeats, for example, Tsushima Strait
Compare the views4 marks2022Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Stolypinβs reforms.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Stolypinβs reforms.
One of the great ideas behind the Stolypin reforms was to find a way to modernise Russian agriculture. In November 1905, redemption payments had been abolished. Stolypin also extended the Peasantsβ Land Bank, whereby peasants would be given loans to buy land. Moreover, the Stolypin reforms increased the number of schools in Russia, particularly in the countryside. Russiaβs peasants generally responded well to these reforms.
Source B
Stolypin was concerned that revolution was a serious threat in Russia and so proposed his reforms to avoid this. In addition, redemption payments for peasants were stopped. Stolypin also wished for more peasants to read, so he built around 50,000 more schools. Similarly, Stolypin also improved the Peasant Land Bank which gave individual farmers loans so that they could buy their own land.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about Stolypinβs reforms.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: In November 1905, redemption payments had been abolished.
Source B: In addition, redemption payments for peasants were stopped.
agree
Source A: Stolypin also extended the Peasantsβ Land Bank, whereby peasants would be given loans to buy land.
Source B: Similarly, Stolypin also improved the peasant land bank which gave individual farmers loans so that they could buy their own land.
agree
Source A: Moreover, the Stolypin reforms increased the number of schools in Russia, particularly in the countryside.
Source B: Stolypin also wished for more peasants to read, so he built around 50,000 more schools.
Explain6 marks2022Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Tsar decided to take personal control of the army during the First World War so was held responsible for defeats
many Russians resented that the Tsar had left the Tsarina in charge because they thought she was a German spy
the Tsarina allowed Rasputin to influence her decision making which discredited the Tsarist government
heavy losses demoralised the army and soldiers became reluctant to fight for the Tsar
continued shortage of weapons and ammunition during First World War further discredited the Tsarβs leadership
Generals lost faith in the Tsar and encouraged him to abdicate
war effort devastated the economy and the Tsar was blamed for this
shortages and poor working conditions led to great discontent and many Russians blamed the Tsar for this
the Tsar no longer had the support of the middle classes
Tsar tried to return to Petrograd but the train was stopped and he had no choice but to abdicate
How fully6 marks2022Q70(a)Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source C describe the strengths of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the strengths of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
The Civil War lasted three years and caused great distress across the nation. The Reds controlled the central areas where the war was fought. They could also make better use of the railways, based around Moscow and Petrograd. The Bolshevik secret police, known as the Cheka, hunted down and executed any potential opposition to the Red Army. The Red Army was well supplied with food because of the Food Dictatorship. All of these measures ensured the success of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Reds controlled the central areas where the war was fought. (The Red Army benefitted from control of the centre.)
They could also make better use of the railways, based around Moscow and Petrograd. (The Red Army used the railway system around Moscow and Petrograd.)
The Bolshevik secret police, known as the Cheka, hunted down and executed any potential opposition to the Red Army. (The secret police eliminated opposition to the Red Army.)
The Red Army was well supplied with food because of the Food Dictatorship. (The Red Army had good food supplies for fighting.)
Points of significant omission
Red Army used experienced ex-Tsarist officers effectively
Trotsky provided strong leadership using his armoured train
Red Army discipline was effective (ruthlessness in dealing with desertion whilst promoting those with ability)
conscription for the Red Army ensured they outnumbered the Whites
Red Army was better motivated because Communist ideas offered them a better future
How fully6 marks2022Q70(b)Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source D describe the problems facing the Provisional Government?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the problems facing the Provisional Government.
The Provisional Governmentβs authority was challenged by the system of Dual Power and the power of the Petrograd Soviet. Part of their problem was that the Provisional Government lacked political support as there had not been an election. The Provisional Government did enjoy a βhoneymoonβ period when many Russians viewed it favourably, especially when it pursued anti-Tsarist policies. However, soon economic problems resulted in many calling for a change of government. These problems were most visible in terms of the lack of food and fuel in the cities.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Provisional Government was challenged by the system of Dual Power and the power of the Petrograd Soviet. (The Provisional Government had rivals to its authority.)
Part of their problem was that the Provisional Government lacked political support as there had not been an election. (The people had not voted for the Provisional Government, affecting its authority.)
However, soon economic problems resulted in many calling for a change of government. (Continued economic problems affected support for the Provisional Government.)
These problems were most visible in terms of the lack of food and fuel in the cities. (Lack of food and fuel in the cities affected support for the Provisional Government.)
Points of significant omission
problems due to continuing the War
The Summer offensive in 1917 was a disaster
the government could not solve the problem of land distribution
the Provisional Government were challenged by the Bolsheviks
Kerensky was challenged by the schemes of opponents such as Kornilov
The Provisional Government has access to only a limited transport network
Describe4 marks2021Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the role of the Russian Church in maintaining the Tsar's power.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the Tsar was the head of the Church, which most Russians followed
the Church was an official government department and took its direction from the Tsar
the Church was run by the Chief Procurator, who was appointed by the Tsar
the Church preached that to disobey the Tsar was to disobey God
the Church controlled education and used this to spread the authority of the Tsar
the Church happily preached the Tsar's message against any changes.
Compare the views4 marks2021Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the causes of the 1905 Revolution.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the causes of the 1905 Revolution.
The 1905 Revolution in Russia shocked the Tsar and his family. It is clear that one of the main causes of the Revolution was the failure of the Russian Army to defeat the Japanese in the 1905 war. The economy also had problems that Russians were unhappy with which led to revolution. The middle class made it clear that they wanted change because they had no direct say in the running of the country.
Source B
It is too simple to say that economic problems, such as low pay, caused the 1905 Revolution. Similarly, revolution did not come about simply because the middle class wanted more say in the government. Officers of the Russian Army claimed that the causes of the 1905 Revolution predated the army's defeat against Japan. The Revolution was brought about by Father Gapon and his unlawful march on the Winter Palace.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the causes of the 1905 Revolution.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: It is clear that one of the main causes of the revolution was the failure of the Russian army to defeat the Japanese in the 1905 war.
Source B: Officers of the Russian army claimed that the causes of the 1905 Revolution predated the army's defeat against Japan.
disagree
Source A: The economy also had problems that Russians were unhappy with which led to revolution.
Source B: We do not have severe economic problems, such as low pay, that could have caused the revolution.
disagree
Source A: The middle class made it clear that they wanted change because they had no direct say in the running of the country.
Source B: Similarly, revolution did not come about simply because the middle class wanted more say in the government.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source C as evidence of the reasons why the Tsar's regime was unpopular.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2017
Source C is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2017.
By 1917, the Tsar's regime was experiencing a wide variety of challenges. During the war, Rasputin's reputation got worse as rumours spread that he was having an affair with the Tsarina whilst the Tsar was at the Front Line. Rasputin was known to take bribes to help people get jobs in the government, which the Tsar did nothing about. Some people in the Duma believed Rasputin was influencing foreign policy decisions. However, the Tsar and Tsarina were distraught when they were told of his assassination.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful as they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because the issue will have been researched thoroughly.
Purpose (to inform): Useful as it has been written to explain the reasons why the Tsar was unpopular.
Timing (2017): Useful as it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
During the war, Rasputin's reputation got worse as rumours spread that he was having an affair with the Tsarina whilst the Tsar was at the Front line. (Useful as it is accurate (accusations of an affair made the regime unpopular).)
Rasputin was known to take bribes to help people get jobs in the government, which the Tsar did nothing about. (Useful as it is accurate (accusations that Rasputin was corrupt made the regime unpopular).)
Some people in the Duma believed Rasputin was influencing foreign policy decisions. (Useful as it is accurate (the Tsar was blamed for not doing anything to stop Rasputin becoming involved in foreign policy decisions).)
Points of significant omission
the Tsar was blamed for the losses and destruction caused during the First World War
Tsar's regime was unpopular as he appeared to do nothing about the food and fuel shortages during the war
Tsar's regime was unpopular as Tsarina was German and left in charge and accused of being a German spy
Tsar's regime was unpopular as Russians were becoming unhappy with his continued autocratic rule/many were calling for an elected government.
Explain6 marks2021Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why the Provisional Government failed in 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Provisional Government failed because they had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet who they disagreed with
the Provisional Government failed because it represented the old ruling class (Duma) and was disliked by many ordinary Russians
the Provisional Government did nothing to stop the war (for example, failure of Kerensky's June Offensive) which angered many Russians
the Provisional Government ordered that deserters from the war be shot, which further angered many Russians
the Provisional Government was in charge during a time that Germans were gaining more land and achieving victories in the war which many Russians saw as a failure
the Provisional Government failed as they were unable to solve the problems of food and fuel shortages in parts of Russia (for example, Petrograd)
the Provisional Government failed as Russians were angry that they had not stopped the problems of inflation and rising prices
many peasants came to hate the Provisional Government as they did not attempt to solve the land problem/soldiers were sent to take back land by force which angered many peasants
the Provisional Government failed because they did not do anything to deal with their opponents (for example, Lenin was still allowed to continue attacking the Provisional Government in his speeches)
the Kornilov Revolt had forced the Provisional Government to seek help from the Bolsheviks to put it down which made it look weak in the eyes of many Russians
arming the Bolsheviks in the long run was a serious mistake as it made their enemies stronger.
How fully6 marks2021Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source D explain the reasons why the October Revolution of 1917 was successful?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D explains the reasons why the October Revolution of 1917 was successful.
The October Revolution created the first Communist state in Russia. The main reason for the success of the October Revolution was the Bolsheviks' promise to end Russian involvement in the First World War. Some members of the army turned to the Bolsheviks due to this promise. The Provisional Government made the mistake of giving weapons to the Bolsheviks to help fight the Kornilov Revolt which they refused to give back. Some Russian peasants wanted the October Revolution to succeed so that the land problem could be solved. Many Russians also supported the Bolsheviks because they believed in Lenin's promises.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the main reason for the success of the October Revolution was the Bolsheviks' promise to end Russian involvement in the First World War
it was also successful because some members of the army turned to the Bolsheviks due to this promise
some Russian peasants wanted the October Revolution to succeed so that the land problem could be solved
many Russians also supported the Bolsheviks because they believed in Lenin's promises.
Points of significant omission
the October Revolution was successful because Lenin was an excellent leader of the movement
the October Revolution was successful as Lenin had a clear plan for success through his April Thesis/Peace, Bread & Land message that appealed to the masses
the October Revolution was successful as Trotsky was another excellent leader who took control of the Military Revolutionary Committee/he was an excellent motivational figure
the October Revolution was successful because the Provisional Government had little armed support
the October Revolution was successful because the Bolsheviks captured key targets (for example, bridges, Post Office, and the Winter Palace).
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the methods used by the Tsar to control Russia before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Tsar was an autocrat/not answerable to anyone
Orthodox Church preached that his rule was the will of God
the army was loyal and was used to put down any uprisings
secret police, Okhrana, kept watch on any suspected opponents
execution/prison/exile to Siberia extensively used as a deterrent
the press was censored
government ran the trades unions to maintain control of the workers
policy of Russification used to keep control of national minorities.
Explain6 marks2019Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why peasants were unhappy with life in Russia up to 1900.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Peasants were unhappy that most of them did not own their own land
Peasants suffered from widespread famine which was a common occurrence/crops often failed
Peasants were living in severe poverty and were angry that they had no legal method to improve their conditions
Peasants were unhappy that they were forced to live in very poor living conditions
Peasants were angry that the goods they produced were taxed (for example grain tax)
Peasants were angry over the requirement to pay βredemption paymentsβ to the government
Peasants were unhappy that Kulaks were more prosperous at their expense
Peasants were unhappy as many felt the Tsar did not care for them
Peasants were unhappy that they had to make payments to the church
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why there was a revolution in Russia in January 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
people hated the repressive policies of the Tsar and his government
most groups felt that their problems were being ignored by the government
peasants struggled to make a living off the land/high taxes/redemption debt
factory workers in the industrial cities faced terrible hardship, with long hours, low wages, dangerous working conditions, and terrible living conditions
the policy of Russification caused anger and discontent among national minorities
the economic problems people faced grew worse during the war with Japan
defeat by Japan led to unrest/strengthened the revolutionary movement
shortages of food, fuel and high unemployment in industrial cities made people desperate and angry
impact of Bloody Sunday angered people and led to discontent and strikes
workers and liberal middle classes united against Tsar
revolutionary groups became more organised eg formation of St Petersburg Soviet
discontent in the armed forces increased during the war.
To what extent9 marks2019Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How important was defeat in the Russo-Japanese War as a reason for the 1905 Revolution?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Defeat in Russo-Japanese War
the Russo-Japanese War was disastrous for Russia. Defeats by Japan were humiliating for Russia and led to widespread discontent
defeat in the war led to discontent in Russia over the Tsar's leadership and the incompetence of the Tsar's government
the government was accused of providing inadequate supplies and equipment to Russia's armed forces (for example Lake Baikal bottleneck on the Trans-Siberian Railway)
Russian soldiers and sailors were unhappy with their poor pay and conditions/poor leadership and defeats led to low morale (for example Port Arthur, Mukden
naval mutiny in the Black Sea fleet, Potemkin, over poor conditions and incompetent leadership threatened to spread and weakened support for the Tsar
the disaster at Tsushima Strait. Russian Navy sailed 18,000 miles before being defeated in under an hour β added to the general discontent over the war
Bloody Sunday
Russian troops fired on an unarmed and peaceful crowd which led to strikes in all major towns and cities
outbreak of terrorist attacks targeted towards government officials and landowners
Tsar blamed for the massacre and many Russians held him responsible
Opposition to the Tsar
growing unhappiness with Tsarist autocratic rule/the middle classes were calling for a constitutionally-elected government as they were so frustrated at the incompetence of the Tsar's government
Tsar Nicholas II was seen as being too weak and unable to make good decisions for Russia in a crisis
National minorities hated the policy of Russification as it ignored their language, customs and religion and many felt so isolated that the desire for independence intensified
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A describe the reforms introduced in Russia after the 1905 Revolution? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the reforms introduced in Russia after the 1905 Revolution.
With the growing unrest threatening his authority, the Tsar gave in and agreed to introduce reforms. The October Manifesto established a parliament or Duma elected by the people. It also allowed the Russian people basic rights, such as freedom of speech. This helped the Tsar regain control of the country. In 1906 the Tsar appointed Peter Stolypin as Prime Minister. His land reforms allowed peasants to become owners of their own land. He also set up a peasantsβ bank to provide loans to help them buy the land.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the October Manifesto established a parliament or Duma elected by the people
it also allowed the Russian people basic rights, such as freedom of speech
his land reforms allowed peasants to become owners of their own land
he set up a peasantsβ bank to provide loans to help them buy the land.
Points of significant omission
political parties were legalised
peasants no longer had to pay the redemption debt
peasants could consolidate the size of their land holdings
a system of health insurance introduced for industrial workers
introduced some improvements to working conditions in factories
How fully6 marks2019Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A describe the effects of the First World War on the Russian people?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the effects of the First World War on the Russian people.
Throughout much of the war, Russian cities suffered from a shortage of food. This was due to a combination of bad harvests and poor transport arrangements. The loss of large areas of rich farmland to the Germans did not help. The shortages meant that food prices went up. Although workers' wages increased, they did not keep pace with rising inflation. By 1917, urban workers faced terrible starvation. A wave of strikes also broke out in Russia during the war.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
throughout much of the war, Russian cities suffered from a shortage of food
the shortages meant that food prices went up
although workers' wages increased, they did not keep pace with rising inflation
a wave of strikes also broke out in Russia during the war
Points of significant omission
heavy casualties affected many Russian families
collapse of the economy/unemployment
shortages of fuel
increasing distrust of Tsar and Tsarina due to their inability to control the situation
political instability led to regular changes Prime Minister/Ministers
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources B and C about effects of the First World War on the Russian people. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C describe the effects of the First World War on the Russian people.
The workers are not in a patriotic mood. The high cost of living and barbaric government policies have turned the masses against the war. There are more and more strikes all over the country. Prices have gone up and people are discontented. Food is hard to get. They blame the Tsar and say βhe does not care we might starveβ. People hate the war now and want it to end.
Source C
Throughout much of the war, Russian cities suffered from a shortage of food. This was due to a series of bad harvests. The loss of large areas of rich farmland to the Germans did not help. The shortages meant that food prices went up and, although workersβ wages increased, they did not keep pace with rising inflation. By 1917, urban workers faced terrible starvation which they blamed on the Tsar.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the effects of the First World War on the Russian people
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Prices have gone up...
Source C: The shortages meant that food prices went up...
agree
Source B: Food is hard to get.
Source C: ...Russian cities suffered from a shortage of food.
agree
Source B: They blame the Tsar and say βhe does not care we might starveβ.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of how the Russian Civil War affected civilians.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a diary of a resident of Petrograd, written in 1920
Source B is from a diary of a resident of Petrograd, written in 1920.
The city is almost in ruins, as if a hurricane has swept over it. The streets are dirty and deserted. All life has gone from them. The people walk about like living corpses. It is a heart-breaking sight. There is a shortage of food and fuel. Frost bitten men, women and children all searching for a piece of bread or a stick of wood. It haunts me. The silence is only broken by the occasional shots.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Petrograd resident. Useful as she was an eyewitness to how the Civil War affected civilians/lived in Petrograd.
Type of Source: diary. Useful as it is an honest personal recollection.
Purpose: to record. Private account likely to be useful.
Timing: 1920. Useful as it is written in Petrograd during the Russian Civil War.
Content: The people walk about like living corpses. Useful as it is accurate (many Russians were starving and emaciated).
Content: There is a shortage of food and fuel. Useful as it is accurate (there were severe food and fuel shortages during the Civil War).
Content: Frost bitten men, women and children search for food and fuel. Useful as it is accurate (many civilians suffered from the harsh freezing winters during the Civil War).
Points of significant omission
children were evacuated from Petrograd during the worst of the fighting
many families lost loved ones in the fighting
transportation became difficult for civilians (for example the railway network for civilians virtually ground to a halt)
disease spread throughout the major cities (for example typhus)
some Russians resorted to using the black market in order to obtain goods
civilians were subjected to the use of terror from both sides
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
To what extent was the leadership of Trotsky the main reason for the Redsβ victory in the Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Trotsky
Trotsky was a skilled commander of the Red Army who was decisive and ruthless
Trotsky disciplined the Red Army to be an effective fighting force/conscripted men to raise 5 million by 1920/raised the Red Cavalry to counter the Cossacks
Trotsky used experienced Tsarist officers, supervised by political commissars/used Cheka to discourage desertions.
Red Army
by the end of 1919 the Red soldiers outnumbered the Whites by ten to one
soldiers were well supplied (boots, food, tobacco)
Describe4 marks2018Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the methods used by the Tsar to control the Russian people.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Tsar was an autocrat/nobody was able to challenge his position
the Okhrana (Secret Police) was used to identify and spy on enemies of the state
political opponents routinely imprisoned/exiled (eg to Siberia)
the army was used as an effective means of enforcing the Tsar's power
the Russian Orthodox Church reinforced the Tsar's authority
the Russian legal system was designed to maintain autocracy and the power of the Tsar
the Civil Service was used by the Tsar to control everyday life (eg censorship)
Russification used to control non-Russian peoples.
How fully6 marks2018Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A describe the events of the 1905 Revolution? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the 1905 Revolution.
The 1905 Revolution involved a number of separate uprisings throughout Russia. In January, a wave of strikes began throughout the country involving 400,000 people. The Tsar's uncle, the Grand Duke Sergei, was assassinated in February. By summer, the demands of the protestors had become far more political. They took to the streets demanding freedom of speech, an elected parliament and the right to form political parties. In Poland and the Baltic provinces, national minorities who were opposed to the Tsarist regime also rose up to demand political and economic reforms.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
in January, a wave of strikes began throughout the country involving 400,000 people
the Tsar's uncle was assassinated in February
protestors took to the streets (demanding freedom of speech, an elected parliament and the right to form political parties)
national minorities who were opposed to the Tsarist regime also rose up to demand political and economic reforms
Points of significant omission
Father Gapon organised a peaceful protest to deliver a petition to the Tsar
march on Winter Palace leading to Bloody Sunday
in October, a General Strike took place in Moscow and quickly spread to other cities
railway strike in October led to a halt of the transport system upon which food distribution depended
some naval mutinies (eg Battleship Potemkin)
large scale peasant riots throughout October/November in many parts of the country/land seizure by peasants of what they saw as their land.
Explain6 marks2018Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why the February Revolution broke out in 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
working class discontent over poor living/working conditions/shortages led to them wanting a change
the Tsar was blamed for the military defeats of the First World War after he took control of the army/by February 1917 he had lost the confidence of the Russian people as they wanted change
people had expected the First World War to be over long before 1917/people were war weary and believed the Tsar would not agree to a cessation of fighting so they looked for change
Russian peasants were still aggrieved due to the land issue/strain of the First World War hit the peasantry and they wanted change
severe economic problems such as high taxes/inflation and price rises led to a general demand for change
the Tsar was seen as a weak ruler who relied on the Tsarina/Rasputin and a close group of ministers which people grew to dislike and demanded change
the Tsarina was viewed with suspicion due to her German heritage and so people did not trust her
discontent at lack of political power by growing middle class/dislike of privileged status eg nobility, church.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a textbook written by a modern historian, published in 1963.
The Tsar abdicated in March 1917 and the Duma set up a Provisional Government. It was designed to promote democracy and liberalism in Russia. However, it did not overcome the difficulties facing Russia. The Provisional Government also continued the war, even though the Russian people were completely against it and the army became much less willing to fight. Finally, the Provisional Government failed to solve the issue of land settlements which also angered the peasants.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historian β Useful as he is a well-informed expert.
Type of source
Textbook β Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose
To inform β Useful as it is a detailed explanation of the reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government.
Timing
1963 β Useful as the author has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
They did not overcome the difficulties facing Russia β Useful as it is accurate (the Provisional Government was not successful at solving the key problems Russia faced).
The Provisional Government also continued the war, even though the Russian people were completely against it and the army became much less willing to fight β Useful as it is accurate (Provisional Government failed to end the war which increased criticism).
The Provisional Government failed to solve the issue of land settlements which also angered the peasants β Useful as it is accurate (the Provisional Government made no definitive land settlement).
Points of significant omission
Provisional Government failed due to conflict with the Petrograd Soviet/dual power weakened the government's authority
the Russian economy continued to go downhill/it failed to limit inflation (shortages of food/fuel)
the Provisional Government failed due to a lack of support from the army or police (eg Kornilov affair)
Compare the views4 marks2018Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the effects of the Civil War on Russian peasants. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the effects of the Civil War on Russian peasants.
My troops entered the village and put all the Bolshevik traitors to death, this was the usual punishment. After the executions, their houses were burned. The whole village protested but we did not care. Many villages had to be dealt with in this way but it was necessary. Then the rest of the population was ordered to deliver, without payment, all of their grain. We left them with their cattle and horses.
Source D
Both the Reds and the Whites practised terror in areas under their control. They looked on the death penalty as an emergency measure, which was only used when absolutely necessary. The Whites adopted a policy of grain requisitioning, sending soldiers, usually armed, to get a share of the grain out of peasants' barns. They also took farm animals and horses to help them win the war.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources disagree about the effects that the Civil War had on Russian peasants.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: My troops entered the village and put all the Bolshevik traitors to death, this was the usual punishment.
Source D: They looked on the death penalty as an emergency measure, which was only used when absolutely necessary.
disagree
Source C: Then the rest of the population was ordered to deliver, without payment, all of their grain.
Source D: The Whites adopted a policy of grain requisitioning, sending soldiers, usually armed, to get a share of the grain out of peasants' barns.
disagree
Source C: We left them with their cattle and horses.
Source D: They also took farm animals and horses to help them win the war.
Describe5 marks2017Q52β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the events of Bloody Sunday in January 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
striking factory workers in St Petersburg marched to the Winter Palace
the Tsar was not there but the palace and the streets around it were guarded by troops
the march was led by Father Gapon
the police had asked the marchers to go home/not to march
the workers wanted to petition the Tsar about their working conditions/long hours and low pay
the crowd was large (200,000) but peaceful
the crowd included women and children
marchers wore their Sunday clothes, sang hymns and carried icons and pictures of the Tsar
mounted Cossacks at the front charged at the marchers
How fully6 marks2017Q53β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A explain the impact of Stolypinβs reforms? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about Stolypinβs reforms.
Stolypinβs government did gradually bring about a number of economic and social reforms in Russia. He ordered the Zemstvos to carry out a huge expansion of health services to the provinces. In 1912 a system of health insurance was set up for workers. Compulsory universal education within ten years became a declared aim. By 1914 the government had established 50,000 additional primary schools, administered and funded by the Zemstvos. There was also an expansion of secondary and higher educational institutions.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
expansion of health services
system of health insurance for workers introduced
50,000 additional primary schools established
expansion of secondary and higher educational institutions
Points of significant omission
increased land available for peasants to purchase
creation of Kulaks
land organisation commissions set up to supervise these reforms
Explain5 marks2017Q54β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in March 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Tsar decided to take personal control of the army during the First World War so was seen as responsible for defeats
Tsar went to the Front and left the Tsarina in charge β she was not competent to take charge/Tsarina allowed Rasputin to influence her decision making
Tsarina was German and many people thought she was not fully loyal/rumours she was a German spy which lost the Tsar further support
heavy losses demoralised the army and soldiers became reluctant to fight for the Tsar/rising numbers of deserters
shortage of weapons and ammunition during First World War further demoralised troops
generals lost faith in the Tsar and encouraged him to abdicate
peasants resented the loss of their sons in the fighting/loss of their animals to the army
war effort devastated the economy and the Tsar was blamed for this
workers demonstrated about shortages and working conditions/protest strikes began/shortages of food and fuel in cities led to great discontent
Tsar tried to return to Petrograd but the train was stopped and he had no choice but to abdicate
Compare the views4 marks2017Q55β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the reasons why the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the Russian Civil War.
The territory held by the Bolsheviks was a great advantage to them β their control of central areas meant shorter lines of supply and communication. However the White forces stretched right out along the edges of Russia β in Siberia, the western borderlands and along the Volga in the South. The Bolsheviks were better prepared to mobilise their troops and acquire resources. In contrast the Whites were disorganised in battle. Eventually the Bolsheviks were victorious.
Source C
During the Civil War, Russian people suffered greatly, families were torn apart and there were huge numbers of casualties. The Bolsheviks won the Civil War largely because they were well prepared and disciplined. In comparison the Whites were disorganised, lacking in the ability to properly mobilise and lead their troops. The Bolsheviks held better territory and had access to railways for their communication and supply lines.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: Both sources agree about the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the Civil War.
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: The territory held by the Bolsheviks was a great advantage to them/their control of central areas meant shorter lines of supply and communication
Source C: The Bolsheviks held better territory/had access to railways for their communication and supply lines
agree
Source B: The Bolsheviks were better prepared to mobilise their troops and acquire resources
Source C: The Bolsheviks won the Civil War largely because they were well prepared and disciplined
agree
Source B: The Whites were disorganised in battle
Source C: The Whites were disorganised, lacking in the ability to properly mobilise and lead their troops
How fully5 marks2016Q52β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A describe the conditions of workers and peasants in Russia before 1905?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the conditions for workers and peasants in Russia before 1905.
Tsar Nicholas II, I do not wish to die without having told you and the people of Russia what I think of your activities up to the present. Police brutality is steadily growing. The prisons are filled to overflowing with hundreds of thousands of common criminals. Many workers are now imprisoned along with political prisoners. The treatment of millions of peasants, on whom the power of Russia depends, leads to them becoming poorer every year. Famine is now normal throughout the country.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made.
Points from the source
police brutality is steadily growing
many workers are now imprisoned along with political prisoners
millions of peasantsβ¦..become poorer every year
famine is now normal throughout the country
Points of significant omission
redemption payments and high taxes meant peasants struggle
shortage of land/the majority of land owned by nobility
backward agricultural techniques led to poor output
poor living conditions for peasants (eg one room huts)
workers have poor working conditions/many accidents in factories
low pay/rising cost of food and fuel
workers have poor living conditions/many live in overcrowded conditions
Describe5 marks2016Q53β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the reforms which were introduced in Russia after the 1905 Revolution.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Stolypin Reforms introduced to improve agriculture
ended redemption payments
allowed peasant families to leave the commune or Mir
encouraging peasants to group their strips of land into larger fields/changed the rules of inheritance
created the Kulak class
Duma was set up/the October Manifesto introduced greater freedoms
Trade unions legalised
National insurance scheme introduced for industrial workers
Explain5 marks2016Q54β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in Petrograd in October 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
dual power had weakened authority of Provisional Government
Provisional Government losing support due to problems caused by war (eg failure to tackle inflation and shortages)
Provisional Government losing support due to failure to tackle the land issue
Provisional Government losing support for continuing the war despite military defeats
failure to hold quick elections to the Constituent Assembly made it unpopular
Provisional Government appeared weak due to Kornilov Revolt
Kornilov Revolt had resulted in the arming of Bolshevik Red Guards
Bolshevik slogan βPeace, Bread and Landβ gained popular support
Bolsheviks had been gaining control in the Petrograd Soviet/ increasingly Soviets taking charge
leadership of Lenin/Trotsky was decisive
Military Revolutionary Council set up by Bolsheviks to control army units
only Womenβs Battalion of Death and a few others still defending Government in Winter Palace/seized Winter Palace with little opposition
seizure of communication centres prevented help being summoned
blocking of transport links prevented help being summoned
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q55β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β is from the diary of Leon Trotsky written in 1921.
We formed an army out of peasants, workers and refugees escaping from the Whites. We believed that this flabby, panicky mob could be changed into a useful force. What was needed were good commanders and a few experienced fighters. The mob would fight as long as they had boots for the barefooted, a bathhouse, food, underwear, tobacco and a dozen or so Communists ready to make any sacrifice to inspire them.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: Leon Trotsky β Useful as he had first-hand experience/was the commander of the Red Army and therefore well informed
Type of Source: Diary β Useful as it is an honest personal account
Purpose: To record β Less useful as may be limited to his perspective
Timing: 1921 β Useful as it written at the time of the Civil War
Points from the source
Formed an army out of peasants, workers and refugees β Useful as it accurately describes groups who supported Bolsheviks
What was needed were good commanders and a few experienced fighters β Useful as it accurately describes how Red Army improved leadership
The mob would fight as long as they had boots for the barefooted, a bathhouse, food, underwear, tobacco/a dozen or so Communists ready to inspire them β Useful as it accurately describes some methods used to improve morale
Points of significant omission
fear of Cheka
Red Terror forced obedience
fear of Commissars/using former Tsarist officers by holding families
strict discipline within Red Army
lack of cooperation between White armies
Whites lacked widespread support (eg land issue)
Red Army controlled a compact central area/White armies were scattered
Reds controlled key industries/transport
unpopularity of foreign intervention/Bolshevik propaganda
Explain6 marks2015Q53β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why it was so difficult to oppose the Tsar before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
the Fundamental Laws gave the Tsar autocratic power
the nobility controlled the peasants on their estates
Civil Service enforced the Tsar's decisions
the Secret Police (Okhrana) arrested opponents and exiled them to Siberia
the Okhrana had spies everywhere listening for criticism of the Tsar
censorship used to restrict opposition
army used to crush opponents
Orthodox Church taught people to obey Tsar
Government Minister was put in charge of church and he passed on the Tsar's instructions to the Bishops
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left)
To what extent8 marks2015Q54β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
To what extent did problems caused by the First World War lead to the Tsar's downfall in February 1917?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Problems caused by the First World War
defeats in 1914 at Tannenburg/Masurian Lakes reduced public confidence
Tsar became Commander in Chief so could now be blamed for defeats
Tsar blamed for the shortages of weapons
high casualty rates made the Tsar even more unpopular
shortages of food/fuel in Petrograd led to widespread discontent
rising prices due to inflation/food prices were rising faster than wages and this upset the Russian people
growing political opposition/due to the continuation of the war
Dislike of the Royal Family
Tsarina was seen as a German spy who could not be trusted
she replaced ministers regularly who disagreed with her which caused confusion β "Ministerial Leapfrog"
Rasputin
people resented his sinister influence over the Tsarina
brought his friends into important positions which was not popular
seen as drunkard and people disapproved of his corrupt influence
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q55β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons for the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β Source A is from the diary of the British Ambassador to Russia dated 24th October 1917.
I heard this morning that the Bolsheviks would overthrow the Government in the course of the next few days because they had captured enough weapons. At one o'clock, three Government Ministers arrived. I was not convinced that the Government had enough force behind them to deal with the situation. I told them that I could not understand how the Government could allow Trotsky to go on encouraging the population to murder and steal.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: British Ambassador β Useful because he was an eyewitness
Type of Source: Diary β Useful because it will usually give an honest opinion
Purpose: To record β Less useful because it gives his biased opinions on the Russian Government
Timing: 24 October 1917 β Useful because it is from the time of the Bolshevik seizure of power
Points from the source
I heard this morning that the Bolsheviks would overthrow the Government in the course of the next few days because they had captured enough weapons β Useful because it accurately shows the Bolsheviks were well armed
I was not convinced that the Government had enough force behind them to deal with the situation β Useful because it accurately shows how weak the Government was
I told him that I could not understand how the Government could allow Trotsky to go on encouraging the population to murder and steal β Useful because it accurately shows that the Government had little control of Petrograd
Points of significant omission
no mention of the reasons why Provisional Government was unpopular eg continuing the war, land problem, high food price and shortages
Bolshevik promises of peace, bread and land gained support
no mention of Military Revolutionary Council or its influence over army units
Red Guards provided Bolsheviks with a disciplined army
no mention of the lack of military support for the Government
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Describe5 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Describe the methods used by the Tsar to control Russia before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
The Pillars of Autocracy controlled the Russian people
The Civil Service controlled everyday life eg censorship of newspapers
Use of secret police the Okhrana to spy on opponents
Support from church who taught peasants that Tsar should be obeyed
Use of army/Cossacks to crush uprisings or opponents
Use of exile to get rid of opponents
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain5 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Explain the reasons why the Tsar's control of Russia was threatened in 1905.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
Peasants unhappy due to redemption payments and high taxes (bad harvests made situation worse)
Peasant βland hungerβ caused discontent
Workers unhappy with poor wages and working conditions
Violent strikes due to long hours and low wages (government reaction made situation worse eg by arresting leaders)
Radical politics among university students caused further discontent
Defeat in the Russo β Japanese War led to unrest
Policy of Russification caused discontent amongst nationalities eg Poles
Some sections of military become discontented β Potemkin Mutiny.
Events of Bloody Sunday in January 1905 led to discontent and strikes
Set up of St Petersburg & Moscow Soviets
October Manifesto split middle classes from workers and socialists
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
How fully does Source A describe the effects of the First World War on Russia?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes some of the effects of the First World War on Russia.
The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 was to have a terrible impact on Russians. Russia went to war to support its friends and allies. Russian armies were in action against Germany and Austria-Hungary within only six days. Heart-breaking losses were suffered by the Tsar's armies during the early years of the war. Thousands of wounded soldiers were left lying untreated on the ground for days. Nurses and doctors lacked enough bandages to treat even a quarter of the wounds.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
First World War was to have a terrible impact on Russia
Heart-breaking losses were suffered by the Tsars armies
Thousands of wounded soldiers were left lying untreated on the ground for days
Not even quarter enough bandages
Points of significant omission
Military defeat at Tannenburg and Masurian lakes
Collapse of the economy
Inflation affected prices
Population suffered shortages of food and fuel
Tsar took control of the armies and was then blamed for defeats
Tsarina took charge and was unpopular as she was German-born/thought to be under the influence of Rasputin
Political instability β regular changes to both Prime Ministers and Ministers/ministerial βleapfrogβ
Allegations of government corruption eg Rasputin weakened Tsar's authority
Conscripting millions of peasants led to shortage of grain
Inability of the government to organise procurement/movement of supplies to civilians or war production for the military
any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q4β³ Older formatRed Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894β1921
Compare the views of Sources B and C on the events in Petrograd during February 1917.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C describe the events in Petrograd during February 1917.
The disturbances which have begun in Petrograd are becoming more serious. Shortages of bread and flour cause panic. The workers are without jobs, the unemployed take the path to riot and revolt. The capital is in a state of anarchy. The Government is paralysed. The transport system has broken down. The suppliers of fuel and food are completely disorganised. There is wild shooting on the streets and troops are firing at each other.
Source C
Sources B and C describe the events in Petrograd during February 1917.
The situation was already very serious. Some of the factories had to close down and there were several thousand workmen unemployed. They wanted bread, but after waiting for hours in the queues outside the bakers' shops, many had been unable to get any. On Thursday, March 8, there had been a stormy sitting in the Duma and it was the bread shortage that was the cause of the unrest.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree the situation was serious with shortages and unrest
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Disturbances...are becoming more serious
Source C: The situation was already very serious
agree
Source B: Shortages of bread
Source C: They wanted bread but...many had been unable to get any
