Explain6 marks2026Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why Scotland faced problems following the death of Alexander III, 1286–1290.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
Compare the views4 marks2026Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the claims of Bruce and Balliol to the throne of Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the claims of Bruce and Balliol to the throne of Scotland.
Balliol said he should be king because his grandmother was the eldest daughter of David, the earl of Huntingdon. Bruce also had a royal connection through the Earl but from a younger part of the royal family. In addition, Bruce had the support of many important Scottish nobles. King Edward I of England was invited to judge the different claims to the throne and set up a court of 104 auditors to decide.
Source B
King Edward I demanded that all the competitors accept him as their overlord when they met at Berwick castle. Robert Bruce's claim came from a younger member of the royal family through Earl David's daughter. Bruce had strong backing from key members of the Scottish nobility. John Balliol's claim to the throne was based on being the grandson of Devorgilla, the Earl of Huntingdon's eldest daughter.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
How fully6 marks2026Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source C describe Edward's subjugation of Scotland up to 1296?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes Edward's subjugation of Scotland up to 1296.
In 1296, King Edward I crossed the River Tweed and ransacked the town of Berwick, killing thousands of people. Edward I had previously been friendly to Scotland and had been asked by Scottish nobles to help them choose a king. After Berwick, the Earl of Surrey was sent by Edward I to Dunbar to take the castle. Many Guardians and Scottish leaders were captured at the Battle of Dunbar. Edward continued to march his army up through Scotland, seizing towns such as Haddington and Lauder.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
To what extent9 marks2026Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent were English military strengths the main reason why the Scots lost the Battle of Falkirk?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
Describe4 marks2026Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe Robert Bruce's conflict with and victory over his Scottish opponents before 1314.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2025Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the succession problem following the death of Alexander III, 1286–1290.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1998.
The King of Scotland, Alexander III died in 1286 after falling off his horse on his way to join his new wife. He left no immediate heirs behind as his children had died before him. His death was a shock for the whole of Scotland. Due to his death, six Guardians were chosen to run the country in the absence of a king. His granddaughter Margaret was only three years old, which caused concern amongst the nobles.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian — Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the succession problem after the death of Alexander III.
Type of Source: textbook — Useful because the textbook will have been well-researched on the succession problem after the death of Alexander III.
Purpose: to inform — Useful as it provides detailed information about the problems Scotland faced after Alexander III's death.
Timing: 1998 — Useful as it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
He left no immediate heirs behind as his children had died before him. — Useful because it is accurate (his children had all died before him).
Due to his death, six Guardians were chosen to run the country in the absence of a king. — Useful because it is accurate (six Guardians were chosen to look after the country).
His granddaughter Margaret was only three years old, which caused concern amongst the nobles. — Useful because it is accurate (his granddaughter was a very young girl).
Points of significant omission
there was a fear of civil war due to rival claims to the throne
the future marriage of Margaret, Maid of Norway, could cause difficulties for Scotland
Margaret died in 1290, leaving no direct heirs
the Treaty of Birgham was meaningless after Margaret's death, leading to potential threat from England
Describe4 marks2025Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe what happened during the Great Cause.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
the Guardians of Scotland invited Edward I to select the next King of Scotland
Edward I forced the Guardians to meet him at Norham Castle
Edward I demanded the nobles of Scotland accept him as their overlord
Edward I gained temporary control of the most important royal castles of Scotland
Edward I judged thirteen competitors as the future King of Scotland
Edward I demanded that all the Competitors accept him as their overlord, which they agreed to
Edward I sought expert legal advice from England and abroad before making a decision
Edward I decided that John Balliol had the strongest claim to the throne and therefore would become King of Scotland
Compare the views4 marks2025Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources B and C about Edward I as overlord of Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about Edward I as overlord of Scotland.
Throughout his reign, King Edward I of England had an interest in Scotland's affairs. His claim of overlordship was accepted by some Scottish nobles because they wanted a stable kingship. Edward was a strong and just king who prevented chaos in Scotland which ensured security in the country. Edward left Scotland alone to make its own legal decisions unless directly appealed to by Scottish nobles.
Source C
Edward I interfered with legal practices in Scotland which many Scots felt was an attempt to undermine Scotland's independence. Scotland had always had its own legal system and was proud of its traditions. Edward's claim of overlordship in Scotland was opposed by Scots nobles who said it was not justified. Edward I was a tyrannical ruler who exploited Scotland, creating even more problems in the country.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about Edward I as overlord of Scotland.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source B: His claim of overlordship was accepted by some Scottish nobles because they wanted a stable kingship.
Source C: Edward's claim of overlordship in Scotland was opposed by Scots nobles who said it was not justified.
disagree
Source B: Edward was a strong and just king who prevented chaos in Scotland which ensured security in the country.
Source C: Edward I was a tyrannical ruler who exploited Scotland, creating even more problems in the country.
disagree
Source B: Edward left Scotland alone to make its own legal decisions unless directly appealed to by Scottish nobles.
Source C: Edward I interfered with legal practices in Scotland which many Scots felt was an attempt to undermine Scotland's independence.
How fully6 marks2025Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source D explain the reasons why William Wallace rebelled in 1297?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D explains the reasons why William Wallace rebelled in 1297.
Many of the details about William Wallace's early life are uncertain. It's possible Wallace came from Renfrewshire. He was a member of the lesser nobility who resented English control in Scotland. He wanted Scotland to maintain its own government as he believed in the independence of Scotland. Wallace was loyal to King John Balliol and wished to see him restored to the throne of Scotland. Bishop Wishart may also have encouraged Wallace to rebel to protect the Scottish Church from English influence.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full explanation of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
He was a member of the lesser nobility who resented English control in Scotland. — Wallace did not like Scotland being controlled by England.
He wanted Scotland to maintain its own government as he believed in the independence of Scotland. — Wallace wanted to keep Scotland's independence.
Wallace was loyal to King John Balliol and wished to see him restored to the throne of Scotland. — Wallace wanted John Balliol back on the throne of Scotland.
Bishop Wishart may also have encouraged Wallace to rebel to protect the Scottish Church from English influence. — Wallace may have been asked by Bishop Wishart to defend Scotland's church against English interference.
Points of significant omission
other small rebellions were taking place throughout Scotland and these may have inspired Wallace
the new treasurer of Scotland had raised taxes, which were unpopular with the Scots
Scots were angered that key roles were being taken by English administrators
the killing of the Sheriff of Lanark may have led Wallace to rebel as he was now an outlaw
it's possible Wallace was motivated by revenge for his partner
Explain6 marks2025Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why Robert the Bruce was able to achieve victory over his Scottish opponents between 1306 and 1314.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Bruce murdered his main rival John Comyn, February 1306
Bruce gained the support of the Church in his bid for the Scottish Kingship, for example, Bishop Wishart
Bruce's use of guerrilla warfare allowed him to avoid full scale battles and build up support
Bruce captured Turnberry Castle in 1307 which allowed him to form an army
Bruce was able to focus on defeating Scottish opponents after defeating the English at Loudon Hill, 1307
Edward I's death led to his son, Edward II, temporarily abandoning the campaign against the Scots allowing Bruce to focus on his Scottish opponents
Bruce was fighting and capturing castles in the Great Glen which encouraged more Scots to join him
Bruce defeated the Comyn family and destroyed their lands in the north-east, removing them as a threat
many smaller families swore allegiance to Bruce in fear of being attacked by his forces
a propaganda campaign was launched in 1309 that justified Bruce's Kingship and won supporters
in 1314 the Pope recognised Bruce as King of Scots which legitimised his rule
Bruce's victory at the Battle of Bannockburn attracted additional support from Scots
How fully6 marks2024Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source A describe the succession problem following the death of King Alexander III?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the succession problem following the death of King Alexander III.
The tragic death of Alexander III caused problems for Scotland. Alexander had no living children to succeed him. Alexander was killed riding through a storm to visit his new queen in Kinghorn. After his death, there was a strong fear of civil war. Fearing that Scotland would fall under English control, some Scottish nobles met in Scone to discuss the problem. It was decided that Alexander's only living relative, his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway, would become Queen of Scotland.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
Alexander had no living children to succeed him.
After his death, there was a strong fear of civil war.
Fearing that Scotland would fall under English control, some Scottish nobles met in Scone to discuss the problem.
It was decided that Alexander's only living relative, his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway, would become Queen of Scotland.
Points of significant omission
Scottish nobles feared a female monarch could lead to problems over choosing a future husband
six Guardians were chosen to rule Scotland
Margaret died on her way to Scotland
John Balliol, Robert Bruce and others claimed rights to the throne
Edward I was asked to choose a new king of Scotland
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Edward I's subjugation of Scotland in 1296.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — from a letter written by John Balliol to Edward I in 1296
Source B is from a letter written by John Balliol to Edward I in 1296.
To King Edward I of England, from King John of Scotland. You have entered the realm of Scotland and have committed violent acts against us and the defenceless people of Berwick. In a warlike manner you have committed acts of brutal slaughter and burning in Dunbar. I cannot remain in your homage and so take back the pledges given to you. You have travelled north through Scotland, seizing castles and burning villages. This grieves us greatly.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: John Balliol — Useful as he was an eyewitness and King of Scotland.
Type of Source: letter — Useful as it is likely to give an opinion about Edward's subjugation of Scotland.
Purpose: to inform — Useful as it provides a detailed account of Edward's subjugation of Scotland.
Timing: 1296 — Useful as it was written during Edward's subjugation of Scotland.
Content
You have entered the realm of Scotland and have committed violent acts against us and the defenceless people of Berwick. — Useful because it is accurate (Edward's army did attack Berwick).
In a warlike manner you have committed acts of brutal slaughter and burning in Dunbar. — Useful because it is accurate (Edward's army did attack Dunbar).
You have travelled north through Scotland, seizing castles and burning villages. — Useful because it is accurate (Edward's army did seize castles and burn villages).
Possible points of significant omission
Edward I appointed English nobles to govern Scotland
Edward I captured many Scottish nobles and Guardians
Edward I forced Balliol to surrender, stripping him of his royal insignia
Edward I removed important records and symbols from Scotland, for example, Crown Jewels, Stone of Destiny
Explain6 marks2024Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Scots positioned on high ground giving them an advantage, for example, Abbey Craig
chose battleground well, for example, knew marshy ground would not be suited to the English cavalry
the Scots had good leadership, for example, Wallace, Moray
the English were overconfident which meant that they underestimated the Scots
the English were missing experienced commanders
the English army got trapped in the loop of the river
Cressingham rejected easier options for crossing the river, for example, the Ford of Drip
Cressingham wanted the battle to be over quickly to save money which meant that they rushed decisions
English start to the battle was chaotic, revealing their plans to the Scots
the Scots attacked before all the English army had crossed the bridge
To what extent9 marks2024Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent was Bruce's victory at Bannockburn the main reason for his success in gaining independence by 1328?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Victory at Bannockburn
Bruce's victory consolidated his kingship in Scotland
Bruce's defeat of a larger English force increased his support
Defeat of Scottish enemies
Bruce killed main rival John Comyn in 1306
Bruce defeated another main opponent, the Earl of Buchan, in 1308
Bruce defeated the MacDougalls in 1308, further consolidating his power
Capture of castles
Bruce damaged castles so that they couldn't be recaptured by the English
by 1314, Bruce had managed to recapture all of the Scottish castles from the English, apart from Stirling and Berwick
Defeat of English enemies
Bruce gained support in Scotland through defeat of small English forces, for example, Glen Trool, Loudoun Hill
death of Edward I who was Bruce's most formidable enemy
Support from the Church
in 1309 Scottish bishops officially announced their support for Bruce in the Declaration of the Clergy
Diplomatic successes
Declaration of Arbroath showed support for Bruce from Scottish nobles
The Treaty of Edinburgh — Northampton recognised Scotland as an independent country
Describe4 marks2023Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe the succession problem following the death of Alexander III, 1286–1292.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Alexander III died without a male heir
his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, was very young when Alexander died
the proposed marriage between Margaret and Edward’s son gave Edward I the opportunity to interfere in Scottish affairs
the death of Margaret left Scotland without a clear heir
rivalry between claimants to the throne meant there was a prospect of civil war
Edward I brought an army with him to Norham to intimidate the Scots
Edward I demanded the nobles recognise him as overlord of Scotland at Norham
To what extent9 marks2023Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent was Edward I’s treatment of Balliol the main reason why Edward was able to impose his authority on Scotland, 1292–1296?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors (1 mark each). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks.
1 mark for an introduction which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way.
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement and 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Edward I’s treatment of Balliol
Edward I made King John Balliol pay homage to him in 1292, showing that Edward I was really in charge of Scotland
Balliol was forced to attend Edward I’s court like a vassal
The Ragman Roll
Scottish nobles swore a personal oath to Edward I, adding their seals to the Ragman Roll. This meant that they were accepting Edward I as their overlord
the signatories of the Ragman Roll were the important nobles and church leaders in Scotland
Edward I’s interference in Scotland’s affairs
Edward I appointed an English noble as Scottish Chancellor
Edward I declared that he would hear legal complaints and court hearings from Scottish nobles, undermining Balliol’s authority
Edward I’s invasion of Scotland
Edward I ransacked the Scottish town of Berwick, for example, killing 10,000 of the population
the Scottish Army was defeated at Dunbar
Edward I had captured the majority of important Scottish castles, as far north as Elgin
The Scottish nobles’ relations with Balliol
the nobles undermined Balliol by creating 12 Guardians of the Realm
the Bruce’s were hostile to Balliol and his rule in Scotland and sided with Edward
Edward I’s capture of Scottish regalia
Edward I took important Scottish symbols of kingship to London, symbolising Balliol’s loss of authority for example, the Stone of Destiny
Compare the views4 marks2023Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Scottish response to the Anglo-French War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Scottish response to the Anglo-French War.
During 1294, Edward I was preparing to go to war with France and he wanted the Scots to fight for him. However, the Scottish nobles argued that Edward I had no right to ask Scottish people to fight for him. The Scots did not want to get involved because they wanted to prioritise their relationship with France. Scotland had strong economic ties with France and the Scots did not want to fight their trading partner.
Source B
After Alexander III had died, Scotland had suffered economic turmoil. Scotland and France were historic allies. The Scots did not want to fight in a war against a country with whom they had strong economic links. Scottish nobles were also angered by Edward’s demand that they fight with England in his war against France. The Scots preferred to develop closer links with France by signing a treaty.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall - the sources agree about the Scottish response to the Anglo- French war.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: However, the Scottish nobles argued that Edward I had no right to ask Scottish people to fight for him.
Source B: Scottish nobles were also angered by Edward’s demand that they fight with England in his war against France.
agree
Source A: The Scots did not want to get involved because they wanted to prioritise their relationship with France.
Source B: The Scots preferred to develop closer links with France by signing a treaty.
agree
Source A: Scotland had strong economic ties with France and the Scots did not want to fight their trading partner.
Source B: The Scots did not want to fight in a war against a country with whom they had strong economic links.
Explain6 marks2023Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why William Wallace was defeated at the Battle of Falkirk, 1298.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
William Wallace’s forces were heavily outnumbered by the English army
Andrew Murray had died after Stirling Bridge, depriving the Scots of his military experience at Falkirk
the English army were led by Edward I who was a strong military leader
the English army had more professional soldiers than the Scottish army
it was difficult for the Scottish schiltrons to move forward and attack the English
the Scottish cavalry fled the battlefield
the Scottish schiltrons were vulnerable to attack without the protection of cavalry or archers
English longbowmen were able to weaken the schiltrons from a distance
the English cavalry were able to charge at the schiltrons and break them up
How fully6 marks2023Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source C describe the events of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the events of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.
By 1314, Bruce had managed to recapture most Scottish castles. The English had a deadline to reinforce Stirling Castle by mid-summer of the same year, leading to the Battle of Bannockburn. The battle started with Edward II sending two separate scouting parties ahead of his main force. Despite this, the English army still lacked proper organisation. The English cavalry did not have enough space to charge at the Scots successfully. Also, the English archers could not find an effective position from which to attack the Scots.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The battle started with Edward II sending two separate scouting parties ahead of his main force. (Edward II sent advance forces to scout out Bannockburn.)
Despite this, the English army still lacked proper organisation. (The English army was disorganised.)
The English cavalry did not have enough space to charge at the Scots successfully. (The English cavalry did not have enough room to charge the Scots.)
Also, the English archers could not find an effective position from which to attack the Scots. (English archers were ineffective.)
Points of significant omission
Edward II’s poor military leadership created confusion in the English army
Henry de Bohun, an English knight, charged at Bruce directly but was killed by Bruce, with a blow of his axe
on the morning of the battle the English saw the Scots and started to advance quickly
Bruce’s well-trained spearmen pushed the English back
the English mistook the Sma’ Folk on Coxet Hill as another Scottish force
the Scottish army advanced in three separate 'schiltron' formations
Describe4 marks2022Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe what was agreed between Scotland and England in the Treaty of Birgham.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Prince Edward of England was to marry Margaret, Maid of Norway
Scotland was to remain an independent country
the Scottish and English churches would not be merged together
Scottish Parliaments could not be held outside of Scotland
taxes in Scotland were only to be imposed by the Scottish king
the borders of England and Scotland were to remain unchanged
Scottish legal matters would continue to be settled in Scotland under Scots law
Scots would not pay homage for Scottish lands to anyone outside Scotland
Compare the views4 marks2022Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Scottish attitudes towards Margaret, Maid of Norway becoming Scotland's queen.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Scottish attitudes towards Margaret, Maid of Norway becoming Scotland's queen.
The reign of King Alexander III was known as the 'Golden Age'. However his reign came to an end in 1286 when he died unexpectedly. Many Scots claimed that Margaret was too young to become Scotland's monarch. Others said that it was not possible for a woman to be a national leader. Some Scottish nobles, including Robert Bruce, felt they had a better claim than Margaret to succeed Alexander.
Source B
King Alexander III died in 1286 after falling from his horse. As Alexander's closest living relative, Margaret was seen by many powerful Scots as his rightful replacement. Although she was a child some Scots pointed out that Alexander was a successful king despite being only seven when he was crowned. It was also argued that countries such as France and England had previously had a queen's rule in the absence of a king.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about Scottish attitudes towards Margaret, Maid of Norway becoming Scotland's queen.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Many Scots claimed that Margaret was too young to become Scotland's monarch.
Source B: Although she was a child some Scots pointed out that Alexander was a successful king despite being only seven when he was crowned.
disagree
Source A: Others said that it was not possible for a woman to be a national leader.
Source B: It was also argued that countries such as France and England had previously had queens rule in the absence of a king.
disagree
Source A: Some Scottish nobles, including Robert Bruce, felt they had a better claim than Margaret to succeed Alexander.
Source B: As Alexander's closest living relative, Margaret was seen by many powerful Scots as his rightful replacement.
Explain6 marks2022Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why Edward I of England was able to impose his authority on Scotland between 1292 and 1296.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Balliol was weakened from the start of his reign because he paid homage to King Edward
Balliol struggled due to a lack of support from some Competitors who lost out during the Great Cause
Edward's right to intervene in Scottish legal affairs gave him power over the Scots
Balliol's agreement that the Treaty of Birgham no longer applied meant Edward could challenge Scotland's independence
the appointment of Englishmen to powerful Scottish positions undermined Scotland's laws and customs
Balliol was required to attend Court in England, reducing his authority in Scotland
Edward was a more experienced military leader than Balliol, enabling him to easily defeat Scotland's army, for example, Dunbar
England's army was stronger than the Scots, making English victory more likely in battles
after Balliol was removed as Scottish King, there was no-one to stop Edward controlling Scotland
England's removal of the Stone of Destiny hindered the Scots choosing a new king to challenge Edward
the Scottish nobles gave control to Edward when they agreed to sign the Ragman Rolls
How fully6 marks2022Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297.
Events before the Battle of Stirling Bridge influenced its outcome. The Scots' position on high ground at Abbey Craig helped them see English movements and plans. After defeating Scotland's army the previous year, English commanders had become overconfident and expected an easy victory. However, in this case the soft ground of the battlefield made the English cavalry much less effective. Wallace's leadership inspired the Scots to overcome a much larger English army. Following the victory at Stirling Bridge, the legend of William Wallace was created.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Scots' position on high ground at Abbey Craig helped them see English movements and plans. (Scots could see what the English were doing.)
After defeating Scotland's army, the previous year, English commanders had become overconfident and expected an easy victory. (English underestimated the Scots.)
The soft ground of the battlefield made the English cavalry much less effective. (The battle ground reduced English effectiveness.)
Wallace's leadership inspired the Scots to overcome a much larger English army. (Wallace's leadership was important to Scottish victory.)
Points of significant omission
Cressingham ignored advice to cross at a nearby ford
the English were trapped due to the river
English army were poorly organised including numerous bridge crossings and false starts before the battle
Scots attacked before the English army expected them to do so
less than half of the English army had crossed the bridge when the battle began
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of problems faced by Bruce before 1314.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D — from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009.
Just six weeks after killing Comyn in Dumfries, Bruce was at Scone to be crowned king. At first his supporters enjoyed success, winning control of Cupar Castle. However, King Edward sent Aymer de Valance to Scotland displaying a Dragon banner to show that Bruce would receive no mercy. Valance captured many Bruce supporters, including Bishops Wishart and Lamberton. Valance's men eventually found Bruce's army and killed most of them. Bruce was more fortunate and somehow survived.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian — Useful as modern historians are likely to be experts on the issue and have carried out research.
Type of Source: textbook — Useful as a factual account of the problems faced by Bruce before 1314.
Purpose: to inform — Useful as it is a detailed account of the problems faced by Bruce before 1314.
Timing: 2009 — Useful as written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
However, King Edward sent Aymer de Valance to Scotland displaying a Dragon banner to show that Bruce would receive no mercy. — Useful because it is accurate (Edward did send English soldiers to Scotland with a Dragon banner).
Valance captured many Bruce supporters, including Bishops Wishart and Lamberton. — Useful because it is accurate (many Bruce supporters were captured).
Valance's men eventually found Bruce's army and killed most of them. — Useful because it is accurate (most of Bruce's army were killed).
Points of significant omission
the Comyn family and their supporters hated Bruce and joined in military action against him, for example, Dalry
members of Bruce's family were captured and imprisoned and/or executed
Bruce was forced into hiding (possibly in Ireland or western Scottish islands)
parts of Scotland were controlled by English soldiers, for example, castles
To what extent9 marks2021Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent was the death of Alexander III the main reason for the succession problem in Scotland from 1286–1292?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement; 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
The death of Alexander III
Alexander’s death was sudden and unexpected, which meant the Scots were not prepared
Alexander’s children had already died
Yolande was not pregnant, so there was no new heir
Margaret Maid of Norway
Alexander’s only surviving heir was his very young granddaughter (Margaret, Maid of Norway)
as a female Margaret Maid of Norway may not have been accepted as ruler
Margaret died on her way to Scotland (in 1290)
The Competitors
there was great rivalry between the competitors
danger of a civil war
Edward I had to be asked to intervene
it took two years to decide who had the best claim to the throne (the Great Cause)
when Balliol was chosen, some of the other noble families were angry (for example, the Bruces).
Compare the views4 marks2021Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Franco-Scottish Treaty.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Franco-Scottish Treaty.
In 1294, King John Balliol was asked to send a Scottish army to France to fight for Edward I. The Scots were opposed to this idea because they had trading links with France, so they refused Edward’s demands. Instead they agreed to help the French against the English. This treaty was called the Franco-Scottish Alliance. It helped Scotland to be allied to an important European power.
Source B
When Edward I was preparing for war with France in 1294, he asked his lords, including King John Balliol, to send soldiers to help him. The Scots were unhappy with Edward’s demands and refused to send an army to help Edward. The Scots then formed a new council of 12 Guardians. Scotland signed a treaty with France, which stated that if France was attacked Scotland would invade England to help them.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about the Franco-Scottish Treaty.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: In 1294, King John Balliol was asked to send a Scottish army to France to fight for Edward I.
Source B: When Edward I was preparing for war with France in 1294, he asked his lords, including King John Balliol, to send soldiers to help him.
agree
Source A: The Scots were opposed to this idea because they had trading links with France, so they refused Edward’s demands.
Source B: The Scots were unhappy with Edward’s demands and refused to send an army.
agree
Source A: Instead they agreed to help the French against the English.
Source B: Scotland signed a treaty with France, which stated that if France was attacked Scotland would invade England to help them.
Describe4 marks2021Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe the ways in which Edward I took control of Scotland in 1296.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
attacked the Scots at Berwick
defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar
stripped Balliol of his royal title
had Scottish nobles sign the Ragman Rolls
confiscated Scottish crown jewels
confiscated the Stone of Destiny
declared that Scotland should no longer be referred to as a kingdom, but instead as a land
How fully6 marks2021Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source C describe the capture and death of William Wallace?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the capture and death of William Wallace.
In August 1305, Wallace was betrayed to the English by Sir John Menteith, when he was hiding in a barn at Robroyston near Glasgow. Sir John Menteith would later fight alongside Robert Bruce against the English. Wallace was taken to London by boat, to make a rescue attempt more difficult. He was then led through the streets to Westminster, where he was declared an outlaw and a traitor. Without a proper trial, Wallace was found guilty of treason and was executed.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source, and up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Wallace was betrayed to the English by Sir John Menteith
Wallace was taken to London by boat, to make a rescue attempt more difficult
he was then led through the streets to Westminster, where he was declared an outlaw and a traitor
without a proper trial, Wallace was found guilty of treason and executed.
Points of significant omission
Wallace was executed at Smithfield (just outside the city walls)
Wallace was hung until nearly dead, then cut down
Wallace was drawn/had his insides removed while still alive
Explain6 marks2021Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why Robert Bruce was able to win independence for Scotland by 1328.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Edward I died (in 1307) which meant that Bruce did not have to fight such an experienced opponent
Edward II was not as interested in Scotland which allowed Bruce time to prepare his campaign
Edward II not as experienced a soldier as his father which meant that Bruce had less opposition from England
Bruce gained the support of many of the Scottish nobles which meant that he had their support in his fight against the English
Bruce defeated his Scottish enemies which meant that he could then focus his attention on winning independence from England
Bruce took control of most of Scotland’s castles which meant that it was difficult for the English to control Scotland
Bruce defeated the English Army at Bannockburn which meant that he was able to secure his throne
Bruce carried out raids on the north of England (as far south as York) which helped convince the English to make peace with Scotland
the Declaration of Arbroath meant that Bruce had continuing support from the nobles in his fight for independence
Edward II was murdered which meant that his Queen (Isabella) made peace with Scotland.
To what extent9 marks2019Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent was the death of the Maid of Norway the main reason for the succession problem facing Scotland between 1286 and 1292?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary); 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Death of the Maid of Norway
Margaret died soon after reaching Orkney in 1290 (removed Scotland's direct heir)
Treaty of Birgham (1290) agreed marriage between Margaret and Edward's son/Scotland would remain separate from England (treaty useless after Margaret's death)
Death of King Alexander III
Alexander III died without any sons/there was no direct male heirs to the throne
Alexander's closest relation was Margaret Maid of Norway. There were worries about her being too young to rule
Role of Edward I
Edward asked for help by the Scottish Guardians after Margaret's death
Edward convinces Guardians to resign so he could replace them
Edward brought an army with him to Norham to intimidate the Scots
The Great Cause
13 competitors for the throne — Robert Bruce and John Balliol chief claimants
the Award of Norham 1291 — Edward demanded Scotland accept him as their overlord and he would choose the next king
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019 specimenQ1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the succession problem following the death of the Maid of Norway.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2011.
John Balliol claimed the strongest right to be King of Scots. Balliol argued this because he was descended from the eldest daughter in the family of David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother of King William the Lion. According to Balliol it didn't matter that he was a generation younger than Bruce because the feudal law of primogeniture always supported the eldest line of a family. Robert Bruce claimed he should be the next King. Bruce argued the feudal law of primogeniture did not apply to kingdoms.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect
Author: Modern historian — Useful because he has expert knowledge/has studied a range of relevant sources
Type of source: Textbook — Useful because it contains straightforward information without bias/well researched
Purpose: To inform — Useful because it provides detailed information
Timing: 2011 — Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight
Content
Bruce argued the feudal law of primogeniture did not apply to kingdoms. — Useful as this is accurate (as Bruce said the law of primogeniture didn't apply when determining Scotland's next king).
Balliol argued this because he was descended from the eldest daughter in the family of David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother of King William the Lion. — Useful as this is accurate (as Balliol claimed being descended from David's eldest daughter he should be the next king).
According to Balliol it didn't matter that he was a generation younger than Bruce because the feudal law of primogeniture always supported the eldest line of a family. — Useful as this is accurate (as Balliol argued that the feudal law of primogeniture meant he should be Scotland's next king).
Points of significant omission
Bruce said that Imperial Law supported him because he was one generation closer to the Earl of Huntingdon's family than Balliol
many nobles thought that they should be the next ruler of Scotland (eg thirteen competitors/factionalism amongst the Scottish nobility over the succession)
concerns that the succession problem could threaten law and order in Scotland
fears that a civil war could break out over the succession issue.
How fully6 marks2019Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why Balliol and the Scots were angered by the actions of Edward I by 1296?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains why Balliol and the Scots were angered by the actions of Edward I by 1296.
After Balliol was crowned, Edward insulted him by treating him like one of his barons and not as his equal. He annoyed the Scots by ordering Balliol to attend ceremonies at his court in England, which emphasised that Edward was superior. However, Edward had made the competitors for the Scottish throne agree that he was the overlord of Scotland. The Scots were furious that Edward interfered in Scottish legal judgements. The Treaty of Birgham agreed that Scotland would keep its own laws and so Edward was not respecting Scotland's concerns.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Edward insulted him by treating him like one of his barons and not as his equal
Edward annoyed the Scots by ordering Balliol to attend ceremonies at his court in England, which emphasised that Edward was superior/Edward had made the competitors to the Scottish throne agree that he was the overlord of Scotland
the Scots were furious that Edward interfered in Scottish legal judgements
the Treaty of Birgham had agreed that Scotland would keep its own laws and Edward was not respecting Scotland's concerns
Points of significant omission
Edward sent orders directly to Scottish nobles without consulting Balliol which was insulting to the Scottish crown
the Pope agreed that because the Scots had been bullied into making agreements with Edward they could break them
Edward ordered the Scots to send soldiers to join his army to fight in France but the Scots refused because they had no quarrel with the French/made a treaty with France instead
the Council of Twelve encouraged Balliol to rebel instead of obeying Edward
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why John Balliol was a failure as King of Scots.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Balliol had accepted Edward as his overlord, so weakening his authority
he was inexperienced in Scottish affairs as he was essentially an English noble
Balliol was unable to stop Edward interfering in the government of Scotland
Edward undermined him by summoning him to appear at court/before his parliament
Edward heard Scottish legal appeals which angered the Scots
Edward sent direct orders to the Scottish nobles which undermined Balliol as king
Edward forced him to appoint an Englishman as his Chancellor, further humiliating him
Balliol had been defeated by Edward at the Battle of Dunbar, which weakened his power
Edward had stripped John Balliol of his crown and title publicly, so humiliating him
Edward took Balliol away as a prisoner, leaving Scotland without a king
Bruce and other nobles had never supported Balliol, which weakened his authority
the Community of the Realm of Scotland made John Balliol share power with 12 Scottish Guardians, which showed little faith in him.
Explain6 marks2019Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why Wallace lost the support of many Scottish nobles between 1297 and 1305.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many nobles were always reluctant to accept Wallace as leader because he was not of noble birth
many nobles were jealous of Wallace's success at Stirling Bridge after their own capitulation at Irvine
many nobles blamed Wallace for the defeat at Falkirk because he chose the site for the battle/led the Scots in the battle
Wallace had only been made Guardian because he was successful; defeat meant there was no reason for many nobles to continue to support him
Wallace continued to support Balliol as king which lost him some support from Bruce's followers
Edward had won round the nobles with an amnesty if they promised their loyalty to him; Wallace was excluded from
at Edward's behest the Scots parliament agreed Wallace was an outlaw ending any support
Wallace's continued opposition to Edward became an embarrassment to the nobles because they had agreed to end rebellion
the Scots were exhausted by years of war so no longer wanted an antagonistic leader
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe the actions of William Wallace during the Wars of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
murdered Sheriff of Lanark which made him an outlaw and forced him into open rebellion
his use of guerrilla tactics was very successful against the English
he united people under his leadership as Guardian
he organised the army of Scotland
worked with Andrew Moray to defeat the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge
tried to establish trade with the Low Countries
when he was defeated at the Battle of Falkirk he resigned the Guardianship
he continued to resist Edward till he was executed.
Compare the views4 marks2019Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the relationship between Bruce and the church in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the relationship between Bruce and the church in Scotland.
Bruce murdered Comyn in church but Bishop Wishart did not punish him for this act of sacrilege. Instead Wishart helped Bruce to become king, giving him robes for his coronation and a banner which had belonged to the last king of Scots. Wishart took timber Edward had given him to repair the cathedral roof and used it to make weapons to attack castles held by the English. Edward later imprisoned him for eight years.
Source C
Bruce was aided throughout by Scottish churchmen. Bishop Lamberton had agreed to support him in a secret pact. Bishop Wishart pardoned him after the murder of Comyn. Three bishops attended his coronation at Scone where he was dressed in royal robes supplied by Wishart. Wishart was active for Bruce against Edward, even seizing the castle at Cupar like a man of war. The English called him the 'bad bishop'.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree that Bruce had help and support from Scottish churchmen.
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Bruce murdered Comyn in church but Bishop Wishart did not punish him for this act of sacrilege.
Source C: Bishop Wishart pardoned him after the murder of Comyn.
agree
Source B: Wishart helped Bruce to become king, giving him robes for his coronation.
Source C: Three bishops attended his coronation at Scone where he was dressed in royal robes supplied by Wishart.
agree
Source B: Wishart took timber and used it to make weapons to attack castles held by the English.
Source C: Wishart was active for Bruce against Edward, even seizing the castle at Cupar like a man of war.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source B explain why the Scots won the Battle of Bannockburn? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the Battle of Bannockburn.
Bruce's careful preparations for battle were ruined when Edward II moved his army to attack from the east and not from the south. However, this gave the much larger English army no room to move because they were surrounded by marshes and streams. Bruce decided to take advantage of this mistake and to attack them. The English were so jammed together and so tangled up that their leaders struggled to organise any defence. They lost all confidence in Edward II for leading them into this trap.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
gave the much larger English army no room to move because they were surrounded by marshes and streams
Bruce decided to take advantage of this mistake and to attack them
the English were so jammed together and so tangled up that their leaders struggled to organise any defence
they lost all confidence in Edward II for leading them into this trap.
Points of significant omission
Bruce organised the Scots into schiltrons which was an effective defensive formation
Bruce chose the higher ground which gave the Scots a positional advantage
Bruce trained his schiltrons to move which allowed them to respond to attacks
the death of de Bohun demoralised the English
the English had been arguing among themselves and could not agree on a plan
many English were trapped by the ditches by the Pelstream and Bannock burns and drowned.
Describe4 marks2019Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe the events leading to the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh – Northampton between Scotland and England, 1314 to 1328.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the temporary truces agreed between the Scots and English were repeatedly broken
the Scots recaptured Berwick, the last part of Scotland in English hands
Bruce put pressure on Edward's authority by continuing to raid the north of England
some English nobles paid the Scots not to raid their lands which infuriated Edward
Edward was deposed and replaced as ruler by his wife and young son
Isabella and Mortimer were becoming unpopular in England so wanted peace
Bruce began granting land in northern England to his own Scottish supporters
Scotland's relationship with the Pope improved which weakened the English case
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ5The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views of Sources C and D about support for Robert Bruce in 1320. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about support for Robert Bruce in 1320.
In the Declaration of Arbroath, Scottish nobles explained to the Pope why all the Scots thought Robert Bruce was their rightful king. They argued Bruce had royal blood. His actions had won him the support of the Scottish people. In addition, they argued that they wanted him as king because, by saving Scotland from being taken over by England, he proved that he was worthy of being King of Scotland.
Source D
Even while the Declaration of Arbroath was being written, some Scottish nobles were plotting against Robert Bruce. They felt he was a ruthless thug who had murdered his main rival in a church and so he was unworthy of being King of Scots. Other Scottish nobles claimed their blood ties meant they were more closely related to the Scottish royal family than Robert Bruce. These disagreements caused problems in Scotland.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall – the sources disagree about how much support Bruce had in 1320.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: …all the Scots thought Robert Bruce was their rightful king.
Source D: …some Scottish nobles were plotting against Robert Bruce.
disagree
Source C: (…by saving Scotland from being taken over by England) he proved that he was worthy of being King of Scotland.
Source D: (They felt he was a ruthless thug who had murdered his main rival in a church and) so he was unworthy of being King of Scots.
disagree
Source C: They argued Bruce had royal blood.
Source D: Other Scottish nobles claimed their blood ties meant they were more closely related to the Scottish royal family than Robert Bruce.
Explain6 marks2018Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why the succession of Margaret, the Maid of Norway, caused problems for Scotland after 1286.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
Margaret was a child – problematic as others would have to rule or lead on her behalf/an adult ruler would be better/problematic as many children died before adulthood
Margaret was female – problematic as many thought a king would be a stronger ruler/better able to control the nobles/better able to lead an army in to battle
Margaret would need a husband – problematic as a Scottish husband could cause rivalry in Scotland/a foreign husband could mean that Scotland was controlled by a foreign country
Some nobles did not support Margaret – problematic as the monarch needed the support of the nobles to be able to have strong government
Margaret was from Norway which meant that some saw her as a foreigner and worried that she would have divided loyalties
Balliols and Bruces thought they had a rightful claim to the throne – problematic as rivalry increased/threat of civil war increased
How fully6 marks2018Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source A describe the events that led to the defeat and capture of John Balliol?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the events that led to the defeat and capture of John Balliol.
During John’s reign, his attempts to break free of Edward’s increasing control of Scotland proved hopeless. John lost patience and summoned his own parliament which agreed that homage and fealty should be withdrawn. The Scots knew better than to appeal to Edward’s good nature and chose a course of action which would guarantee war: they concluded a treaty with France. To begin with, the Scots displayed a near suicidal optimism and invaded England. Edward began by slaughtering most of the citizens of Berwick for their bold resistance.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
John’s parliament agreed that homage and fealty should be withdrawn
they (Scotland) concluded a treaty with France
the Scots invaded England
Edward slaughtered most of the citizens of Berwick
Points of significant omission
John Balliol had accepted Edward I as his overlord
John Balliol was bullied by King Edward (eg summoned to pay wine bill)
John Balliol refused King Edward’s order to join him in the war against France
King Edward defeated John Balliol at Dunbar/pursued Balliol north
King Edward forced John Balliol to surrender to him (at Montrose)
King Edward stripped John Balliol of his crown and title.
To what extent9 marks2018Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent were the mistakes made by the English the most important reason why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be given for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors).
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be given for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structure, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
English mistakes
the English were overconfident which meant that they underestimated the Scots/victory at Dunbar created the belief that they were superior
the English were missing experienced commanders/Hugh de Cressingham had little military experience/Earl of Surrey was in poor health
English army was smaller than the army they had at Dunbar which helped the Scots
poor planning – Cressingham rejected the option of crossing using a ford/crossing by the bridge was a difficult manoeuvre
Cressingham wanted the battle to be over quickly to save money which meant that they rushed decisions
choice of battlefield not suited to cavalry
plans chaotic – two false starts revealed plans to the Scots/English slow to get organised/slept in/knighting ceremony
army forced into a bottleneck/bridge too narrow for cavalry and no chance of escape
Scottish strengths
Scots positioned on high ground giving them an advantage/Abbey Craig
tactics – schiltrons impossible to break with cavalry charge/moved as a unit/mobility a surprise for the English
leadership of Wallace and Murray
chose battleground well/surveyed land/knew marshy ground would not be suited to the English cavalry
timing was superb – attacked quickly so English were trapped/if had attacked too early vanguard would not have got across bridge
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the methods used by King Robert to drive the English out of Scotland between 1307 and 1314.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — from a chronicle written by a Scottish writer around 1335
Source B is from a chronicle written by a Scottish writer around 1335.
The castle of Forfar was occupied by Englishmen. Some of King Robert’s followers hurried to the castle with ladders and secretly climbed over the stone wall and took the castle. Then they slaughtered all they found. They handed the castle over to King Robert who offered them a good reward. The king had the castle wall broken down, destroyed the well and then the whole castle. The wise, strong and bold king moved onto Perth with his army and soon set siege to it.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Scottish writer – Useful as he lived during the time of King Robert/collected stories about King Robert.
Type of source: Chronicle – Useful as they tend to be detailed.
Purpose: To record – Less useful as may have been written to glorify King Robert and therefore be exaggerated for dramatic effect.
Timing: 1335 – Useful as primary source from the 14th century.
Content: Some of King Robert’s followers hurried to the castle with ladders and secretly climbed over the stone wall and took the castle. – Useful as it is accurate (Bruce and his followers did capture castles held by the English).
Content: Then they slaughtered all they found. – Useful as it is accurate (Bruce and his followers did kill many English soldiers who were garrisoned in Scotland/treated English brutally).
Content: The king had the castle wall broken down, destroyed the well and then the whole castle/moved onto Perth with his army and soon set siege to it. – Useful as it is accurate (Bruce did destroy castles so that the English could not return to them).
Points of significant omission
King Robert used guerrilla tactics (eg ambushed groups of English soldiers)
King Robert won the support of powerful nobles (eg Angus MacDonald)
English soldiers were demoralised by the capture of garrisons
Explain5 marks2017Q1⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why many Scots were unhappy to accept the Maid of Norway as their queen.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
she was a girl – people did not believe females were suitable to be monarchs so were not happy to accept her as queen
as a female she would not be able to lead an army in battle so would not fulfil her role as monarch/defend her realm which worried people
she was a small child so would need someone else to rule on her behalf – people knew this could cause rivalries among the nobles for this role so they were worried
she could be kidnapped by an unscrupulous noble in order to gain control over the country so her safety caused concern
she would not be able to control powerful nobles so a danger of civil war would remain which made many very unhappy
she would have to marry and a Scottish husband would lead to rivalry among the nobles
choosing a foreign husband would lead to Scotland being ruled by a foreigner
she herself was foreign and she was living far away in Norway, which some found unacceptable
there would have to be negotiations with her father before she could come to Scotland/about her future marriage – this would involve foreign interest which worried many Scots
nobles such as Bruce felt that they had a better claim so did not want her to be queen.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2017Q2⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of problems the Scots faced when judging the Great Cause.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009.
After the Scots asked for his help, King Edward I called for a parliament to be held in May 1291 to settle the future of the Scottish crown. The location he chose was Norham Castle on the English side of the River Tweed. He said that the proceedings would not start until the Guardians and the claimants to the throne had acknowledged his position as overlord of Scotland. The Scots were stunned.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: Modern historian — Useful because he has expert knowledge/has studied a range of relevant sources
Type of Source: Textbook — Useful because it contains straightforward factual information without bias/well researched
Purpose: To inform — Useful because it provides detailed information
Timing: 2009 — Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight
Points from the source
King Edward called for a parliament to be held in May 1291 to settle the future of the Scottish crown — Useful as it is accurate (Edward was in charge of the event rather than the Scots)
The location he chose was Norham Castle on the English side of the Tweed — Useful as it is accurate (Edward's intention was to disadvantage the Scots)
He said that the proceedings would not start until the Guardians and the claimants to the throne had acknowledged his position as overlord of Scotland — Useful as it is accurate (Edward did want to be the ruler of Scotland)
Points of significant omission
Scottish nobles/representatives did not think they could make such an agreement – only a king could do so
some claimants agreed very quickly (eg Bruce) and made it difficult for others to refuse (eg Balliol)
Civil war a possibility due to rival factions/13 claimants in all including Edward
Edward brought an army with him to Norham to intimidate the Scots
Describe5 marks2017Q3⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe the actions Edward I took to assert his authority over Scotland in 1296.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
sacked Berwick
slaughtered the townspeople as a warning against resistance
defeated Scots noble-led army at Dunbar
marched his army throughout Scotland from Dunbar as far as Elgin and back
took control of Scottish castles eg Stirling, Edinburgh, Perth
dethroned Balliol/stripped Balliol of his king's insignia
took Balliol to London as his prisoner/took other hostages to ensure loyalty
made important Scots sign allegiance to him/Ragman Rolls
took away the Stone of Scone to England to stop another king being crowned
took away important Scottish legal documents/Black Rood of St Margaret
How fully5 marks2017Q4⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source B describe what happened to William Wallace after the Battle of Falkirk? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about what happened to William Wallace after the Battle of Falkirk.
For many years, little was known about Wallace's activities between his defeat at Falkirk and his death. He certainly left Scotland. Historians found a “safe conduct” which was given to Wallace in 1300 by the King of France. Wallace travelled to France as part of his campaign to free John Balliol. Wallace apparently planned to visit the Pope to get him on Balliol's side. His campaign failed however and Wallace was back in Scotland well before 1305 where he continued to fight against Edward's rule.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for points from the source; up to 4 marks for points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Wallace left Scotland
he travelled to France as part of his campaign to free John Balliol
Wallace planned to visit the Pope to get him on Balliol's side
Wallace was back in Scotland well before 1305 where he continued to fight against Edward's rule
Points of significant omission
resigned as Guardian of Scotland in 1298
declared an outlaw by Scottish parliament (in March 1305 at Edward's behest)
handed over to English by John Menteith in August 1305
Explain6 marks2016Q1⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why King John Balliol had problems ruling Scotland between 1292 and 1296.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
he was inexperienced in Scottish affairs/he was essentially an English noble
had to accept Edward as Overlord of Scotland/he had paid homage to Edward which made him unpopular
Edward insisted on treating him like an English noble/not as a king
Edward undermined him by summoning him to appear at court/before his parliament
Edward undermined his authority by hearing Scottish legal cases
Edward forced him to appoint an Englishman as his Chancellor further humiliating him
not supported by the Scottish nobles/the twelve Guardians challenged his authority
made an Alliance with France which provoked Edward and other Scottish nobles loyal to him
the powerful Bruce family resented his kingship and did not support him
his army was defeated by Edward at Dunbar
he was publicly stripped of his kingship by Edward/taken from Scotland to the Tower of London as Edward’s prisoner
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2016Q2⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of Wallace’s leadership.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is an extract from a letter written by Wallace and Murray as Guardians of Scotland in 1297.
From Andrew Murray and William Wallace, greetings to our beloved friends the mayors in Lubeck and in Hamburg. We ask that you announce to your merchants that they may safely trade their goods to all ports in the kingdom of Scotland, because the kingdom has been freed by war from the power of the English. In return, our merchants will bring their trade to you.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author: Wallace and Murray (Moray)
Useful as it is a first-hand account
Type of Source: Letter
Useful as it is an official document
Purpose: To persuade
Less useful as it exaggerates the level of stability in Scotland
Timing: 1297
Useful as it is from the time when Wallace was Guardian
Content
The kingdom has been freed by war from the power of the English — Useful as it accurately states (the hope that) Scotland is free again
Merchants…may safely trade their goods to all ports in the kingdom of Scotland — Useful as it accurately states (the hope that) Scotland is open for business again
Our merchants will bring their trade to you — Useful as it accurately shows Scots looking out to Europe as they did before war
Points of significant omission
Wallace made Guardian because of victory at Stirling Bridge
only a temporary respite for Scotland
Wallace resigned as Guardian after his defeat at Falkirk
Wallace went to Europe to negotiate Balliol’s release
Wallace needed to trade for iron for the army
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
To what extent8 marks2016Q3⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
To what extent had Bruce dealt successfully with opposition by 1314?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to support factors (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks should be given for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for a structured answer with knowledge organised in support of different factors; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Defeated Scottish enemies
Had killed his main rival – John Comyn
Had destroyed the Comyns in the north
Had defeated the MacDougalls at the Pass of Brander
He defeated the Earl of Buchan at Inverurie
Defeated English opponents
Successfully used guerrilla tactics to defeat English forces
Defeated English troops at Loudoun Hill
Won back control of Scottish castles from the English
Destroyed captured castles to prevent their use against him in the future
Defeated Edward II
Defeated superior English army at Bannockburn
Humiliated Edward II by Bannockburn defeat and by raiding into Northumbria
Some opposition remained
Edward II still would not accept Bruce as king/still claimed to be overlord
Failed to convince the Pope to lift his excommunication
Forced nobles to choose between their Scottish or English lands/titles – alienated some nobles by this (eg Edward) Balliol/Soules - created the ‘Disinherited’
English had captured and imprisoned Bruce’s family
Compare the views4 marks2015Q1⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Compare the views in Sources A and B about Edward I’s intentions towards Scotland after the death of Alexander III.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Edward I’s plans for Scotland after the death of Alexander III.
When Alexander III died, Edward I took steps to take control of Scotland. His aim was to unite the kingdoms of Scotland and England by a marriage treaty. Edward plotted to marry his son to Scotland’s infant queen, Margaret, Maid of Norway. He secretly asked the Pope’s permission for the marriage before any details had been discussed with the Scots. When Margaret’s death ended this scheme, he looked for other ways to control Scotland.
Source B
In 1289 Edward was in France attending to his lands there. Erik, King of Norway, father of Margaret Maid of Norway, sent messengers to him to discuss her safety. He suggested her possible marriage with Edward’s son. Edward asked for Scottish representatives to be present before any negotiations began. The Maid would have Edward’s protection and this would ensure peace in Scotland. This marriage would mean a union of the kingdoms.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: The sources agree that Edward wanted to unite the kingdoms through marriage/the sources disagree over his methods
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: His aim was to unite the kingdoms with a marriage treaty
Source B: This marriage would mean a union of the kingdoms
disagree
Source A: Edward had secretly asked the Pope’s permission for the marriage before any terms had been discussed with the Scots
Source B: Edward asked for Scottish representatives to be present before any negotiations began
disagree
Source A: He plotted to arrange the marriage of his son to Scotland’s infant queen, Margaret, Maid of Norway
Source B: Erik, King of Norway, father of Margaret the Maid, sent messengers to him to suggest her possible marriage with Edward’s son
Describe5 marks2015Q2⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe what happened when Edward I attacked Berwick in 1296.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
Edward had mustered a very large army for the invasion
Edward had ships waiting to enter the harbour and attack
Edward gave the inhabitants three days to surrender
the castle garrison surrendered without reprisal
the townspeople refused to surrender/mocked Edward’s offer of surrender
three of Edward’s ships ran aground and were burned by the townspeople
Edward’s troops were sent in to take the town
there was little resistance to the attack
the townspeople were slaughtered/the slaughter lasted for three days
thirty Flemish merchants fired arrows at the English/were burned to death in the Red Hall
How fully6 marks2015Q3⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source C describe Bruce’s campaign of capturing the Scottish castles?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use Source C and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about Bruce’s campaign to capture the Scottish castles.
In 1307, Bruce returned to Scotland. Although many of his leading supporters had been captured by Edward I he still had experienced commanders such as James Douglas. Bruce and his small army marched north and destroyed castles in Inverness and Nairn. He could not spare men to defend castles from attack. Meanwhile, Douglas recaptured his own castle in the south and burned it down. Edward I had taken Stirling castle by using the siege engine, Warwolf. Lack of such siege engines forced Bruce to use other methods.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of relevant parts of the source where there is also at least one point of significant omission identified.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Bruce destroyed castles in Inverness and Nairn
Bruce could not spare men to defend castles from attack.
Douglas recaptured his own castle in the south (and burned it down)
lack of siege engines forced Bruce to use other methods.
Points of significant omission
castles that were destroyed could not later be used against him by his enemies
Douglas burned all the stores with the English garrisons’ bodies in his castle – the ‘Douglas Larder’
Perth castle was captured by Bruce’s men wading across the river at night/scaled riverside wall at night with ladders
Roxburgh castle was captured by Bruce’s men hiding among cattle at dusk to get close to walls/used rope ladders at night to scale walls and open gates
Linlithgow castle was captured by jamming the gate and portcullis with a haycart/men were hidden in the cart to fight till reinforcements arrived
Edinburgh castle was captured with a daring climb up the rock face/diversionary attack on other side
Stirling, Bothwell and Berwick castles were recaptured later
Explain5 marks2015Q4⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why English mistakes led to their defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
there was no battle plan as Edward did not think the Scots would fight
the English were overconfident due to their superior numbers
Edward did not take charge himself but appointed favourites to key commands, causing resentment
Edward ignored warnings not to attack across Bannockburn
marshy ground not suitable for heavy cavalry or infantry
there was confusion among the commanders about attacking the Scots on the first day/whether the battle was to take place that day
de Bohun charged Bruce without being ordered to and his defeat contributed to lowered morale among the English
English commanders argued among themselves and were forced to retreat on the first day of the battle by Scottish pikemen
Edward moved his army to the Carse during the night, so they were tired
the commanders did not learn from the forced retreat against the Scots pikemen on the first day of the battle so repeated the same mistake/cavalry made no headway against schiltrons
the English army was badly positioned
the English footsoldiers/archers/cavalry had no room to manoeuvre
huge numbers became a handicap when they attempted to retreat across the Bannockburn
Explain5 marks2014Q1⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Explain the reasons why Edward I was able to become involved in Scottish affairs between 1286 and 1292.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Alexander III had died without a surviving male heir/Scots had agreed the infant Margaret was his heir, Edward approached for help
Edward had been Alexander's brother-in-law and a friend
Edward was a strong king who could use his authority to subdue Scottish troublemakers/there was a threat of civil war
Edward was Margaret's great uncle so could claim an interest as a relative
The Scots agreed to the Treaty of Birgham and the marriage of Margaret to Edward's infant son
Margaret died before she reached Scotland so there was now no direct heir – a further opportunity for Edward's involvement
Bishop Fraser invited Edward to help choose from the claimants to the throne
Edward insisted the claimants/competitors accepted him as their overlord before he would begin to judge the claims
Edward insisted the Scottish castles be handed over to him, to hold for the eventual king
All the competitors accepted that Edward was overlord
Edward judged that John Balliol had the best claim
Balliol paid homage to Edward for Scotland after his coronation, making Edward's superiority clear
Describe5 marks2014Q2⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Describe what happened at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
Wallace and Murray joined forces on the north side of the River Forth
The Scots were on the high ground of Abbey Craig/the English assembled on the south side of the river
The English delayed the start of the battle/Surrey slept in
The English could not decide whether to use the narrow bridge or travel further upstream and cross at the broader ford
Cressingham did not want any further expenses and wanted to get the battle over as quickly as possible in case the Scots escaped so opted for the bridge
The English partly crossed, turned back and then began again, making their plans clear to the Scots
The English crossed the bridge slowly/only three abreast
The Scots attacked before all the English were over
The Scots attacked the end of the bridge trapping the English who had crossed and preventing the rest from crossing to help them
English soldiers who attempted to escape across the river were drowned/weighed down by waterlogged tunics
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2014Q3⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of Bruce's actions in 1306.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from the chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, written in 1306.
Robert the Bruce wanted to be king of Scotland but feared Lord John Comyn would stop him. He lured him to a meeting in Greyfriars Church in Dumfries to deal with business concerning them both. Comyn suspected nothing and they greeted each other in a friendly way. Suddenly Bruce accused Comyn of telling lies about him to the king of England. He struck him with his sword and marched out.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Walter of Guisborough — Churchman in Guisborough Priory in Yorkshire, so not an eyewitness, so perhaps less useful
Type of Source: Chronicle — Contains details of events, generally thought to be reliable so more useful
Purpose: To record — Keep a record of events as a history, so may be more useful, but an English version so may be biased against Bruce
Timing: Early 14th century — Written during the Wars of Independence at the time of Bruce taking the throne, so more useful
Content
He lured him to a meeting in Greyfriars Church — Suggests Bruce planned a deception so shows bias so less useful
Bruce accused Comyn of telling lies about him — May not be accurate so less useful
He struck him with his sword — Puts blame on Bruce so may be biased and less useful
How fully5 marks2014Q4⏳ Older formatThe Wars of Independence, 1286–1328
How fully does Source B describe how Bruce established himself as king of an independent Scotland after the Battle of Bannockburn? (Use Source B and recall.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes how Bruce established himself as king of an independent Scotland.
After Bannockburn, Bruce's parliament agreed that Scots nobles who had not made peace with him would lose their lands in Scotland. Bruce gave this forfeited land to his own supporters. The Douglases benefited greatly from this. Scots nobles would no longer be allowed to have English estates so their loyalties would not be divided. Bruce also backed his brother's campaign in Ireland to continue to challenge English rule. He continued to raid the north of England to put pressure on Edward to recognise him as king of an independent nation.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
The candidate can achieve up to 3 marks for their interpretation of the parts of the source they consider are relevant.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Bruce's parliament agreed that Scots nobles who had not made peace with him would lose their lands in Scotland
Bruce gave this forfeited land to his own supporters
Scots nobles would no longer be allowed to have English estates so their loyalties would not be divided
Continued to raid the north of England to put pressure on Edward
Points of significant omission
Defeated English army at Bannockburn
Secured release of his wife and daughter/Wishart, in exchange for ransomed English prisoners
Recaptured Berwick from English occupation
Added to Scottish exchequer by accepting protection money from northern English towns
