Explain the reasons why the German strategy of Blitzkrieg was successful, 1939–1943.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q84World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent was gaining a military advantage the main reason why Japan attacked Pearl Harbour?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q85World War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of prisoners’ experiences in concentration camps.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — is from a letter written by a former concentration camp prisoner in 1945.
In 1941, we were removed by police from my home. My family and I were put on a train and then made to walk to get to the camp. When we got to the camp I was forced to have my head shaved. There were people in the camps from many countries across Europe. During the day, I had different jobs, including in factories and quarries. At night, we were very cold as we had only small blankets to cover us.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully does Source B describe the USA’s atomic attacks on Japan in 1945?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the USA’s atomic attacks on Japan in 1945.
The surrender of the Nazis in May 1945 ended World War II in Europe, but fighting continued elsewhere. In July 1945, the USA successfully tested an atomic bomb. America decided to attack two Japanese cities which had significant military facilities. On 6 August 1945, America used this new type of bomb on Hiroshima, a coastal city in Japan. The first bomb was dropped by the US military plane, Enola Gay. As a result of these attacks, fires spread quickly all around the city.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the official name for Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union was ‘Operation Barbarossa’
the German Luftwaffe bombed Soviet targets as part of the invasion
German tanks were used to enable a land advance
Autumn rains created mud which slowed Germany’s progress
deep snow in winter limited the movement of German troops, machinery and supplies
the Soviet army fought fiercely against the Germans, for example, the ‘Not a step back’ order
Russian civilians were involved in the defence of their country, including attacking German soldiers
the Germans lost the months-long Battle of Stalingrad
Explain the reasons why Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, 1941.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Japan wanted to stop America interfering in their plans to build an Asian empire
Japan believed that they would be supported by Germany
Japan believed the attack would force the USA to negotiate with them
Japan was angry that the USA had imposed economic sanctions on them
Japan wanted to launch an attack before their oil supplies ran out
Japan believed their naval fleet was stronger than the USA’s, meaning they were confident of winning any military conflict
Pearl Harbour was where the USA’s entire Pacific fleet was based
Japan believed that destroying Pearl Harbour would hurt American morale and prevent retaliation
the attack aimed to ensure that Japan became the dominant power in the Pacific
Japan underestimated the likelihood that the Americans would respond
Compare the views4 marks2025Q88World War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about events during the Doolittle Raid, 1942.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about events during the Doolittle Raid, 1942.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour brought the USA into the War. In April 1942, American B–25 bombers attacked Japanese cities such as Tokyo. During the raid, the USA bombed military sites. However, they could not stop the attacks and around 50 Japanese people died. Most of the American planes used in the raids crashed or were ditched afterwards.
Source B
The 1942 Doolittle Raid was named after the man who led the attack, Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle. It proved to be a devastating event and saw a number of Japanese being killed. On the night of the attack, various locations across Japan were targeted, including the capital city, Tokyo. Army bases and weapons factories were destroyed in the raids. This caused fear and worry across Japan that there could be more attacks in future.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about events during the Doolittle Raid, 1942.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: In April 1942, American B–25 bombers attacked Japanese cities such as Tokyo.
Source B: On the night of the attack, various locations across Japan were targeted, including the capital city, Tokyo.
agree
Source A: During the raid, the USA bombed military sites.
Source B: Army bases and weapons factories were destroyed in the raids.
agree
Source A: However, they could not stop the attacks and around 50 Japanese people died.
Source B: It proved to be a devastating event and saw a number of Japanese being killed.
To what extent9 marks2025Q89World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent was fear of punishment the main reason why resistance was difficult in occupied Europe?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Fear of punishment
some people involved in resistance were attacked or tortured, which scared others
many Europeans wanted to avoid being imprisoned and so did not resist
reprisals against entire civilian communities
the ‘Night and Fog Decree’ meant that anti-Nazi activists in occupied territories were arrested or killed
Co-operation with the Nazis
some people sympathised with Nazi rule
some Eastern Europeans welcomed the Nazis as an alternative to Soviet control
civilian governments reinforced Nazi policies, for example, Vichy France
some Europeans worked as informers
German military strength
Germany had a very strong military which controlled occupied areas
the Nazis set up special military units whose job it was to stop resistance.
Daily lives of ordinary people
most Europeans did not want to risk their way of life
restrictions on food and rationing left people too tired to resist
How fully does Source C describe what happened during the Battle of Iwo Jima, 1945?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes what happened during the Battle of Iwo Jima, 1945.
The American military wanted to use the airfields on Iwo Jima. Their efforts to do this remains one of the most famous events of the War. US warships started with a bombardment of the island. Following this, American marines then landed on Iwo Jima. Japanese forces surprised the invaders using heavy artillery. The fighting was devastating for the Japanese with almost 20,000 of their soldiers being killed. After Iwo Jima, America began to plan for the use of the nuclear bomb.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
US warships started with a bombardment of the island. (The USA bombed Iwo Jima before invading.)
Following this, American marines then landed on Iwo Jima. (American marines took part in the invasion.)
Japanese forces surprised the invaders using heavy artillery. (Japan defended itself using artillery.)
The fighting was devastating for the Japanese with almost 20,000 of their soldiers being killed. (Large numbers of Japanese soldiers died in the battle.)
Points of significant omission
Japan defended the island using methods such as tunnels and mines
American marines used flame throwers to destroy Japanese gun sites
Japan’s military suffered from low supplies, including food and weapons
many Americans were killed or injured in the fighting
the Americans won the battle and took control of the island
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the town of Dunkirk was surrounded by German troops during the Battle of France
Allied troops were evacuated from Dunkirk, for example, more than 300,000 soldiers
military vessels from different countries helped with the evacuation
a fleet of civilian ships was sent from Britain to help with the evacuation
air battles took place between the RAF and German Luftwaffe
some troops were killed on the beach whilst waiting to be evacuated
not all British and French troops were evacuated
the British military had to abandon most of their weapons and equipment
Compare the views4 marks2024Q87World War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Operation Barbarossa.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Operation Barbarossa.
Prior to Germany's invasion, Stalin had received intelligence from various sources warning him of a possible attack. Germany's attack on Russia during Operation Barbarossa was not as fast as the Nazis had expected. The Russians had made defensive plans for the protection of their country in the event of a German attack. Also, the Russian army had some military advantages over Germany, including having more tanks.
Source B
Sources A and B are about Operation Barbarossa.
In 1939 the Nazis made an agreement with Russia to not attack each other. Unfortunately, this treaty did not last long. German army leaders were correct in predicting that Operation Barbarossa would enable Germany to advance quickly into Russia. This was thanks to Germany's armed forces being stronger in all aspects compared to their Russian rivals. In addition, the Russians were completely unprepared for the German advance.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about Operation Barbarossa.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Germany's attack on Russia during Operation Barbarossa was not as fast as the Nazis had expected.
Source B: German army leaders were correct in predicting that Operation Barbarossa would enable Germany to advance quickly into Russia.
disagree
Source A: The Russians had made defensive plans for the protection of their country in the event of a German attack.
Source B: In addition, the Russians were completely unprepared for the German advance.
disagree
Source A: Also, the Russian army had some military advantages over Germany, including having more tanks.
Source B: This was thanks to Germany's armed forces being stronger in all aspects compared to their Russian rivals.
Explain the reasons why prisoners of war held by the Japanese experienced difficulties.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
POWs were often held in small, cramped cells which made it difficult to move
prisoners faced harsh punishments for minor reasons, for example, not saluting prison guards
some prisoners were tortured by the prison guards
POWs were expected to do hard labour, for example, the Burma railway
prisoners were susceptible to disease, for example, cholera
prisoners were forced to work in incredibly hot conditions
some prison guards thought that captive soldiers were dishonourable so treated them badly
sick prisoners of war were not given proper medical treatment
people in the camps were not given enough water by the Japanese
prisoners in the camps were not given enough food by their captors
Red Cross parcels were often not passed on to prisoners
escape was almost impossible for the POWs, for example, location of camps
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why some people resisted in Nazi-occupied territories?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why some people resisted in Nazi-occupied territories.
Despite Germany controlling much of Europe, they still faced opposition to their rule. Some people hid Jewish people because they believed the Nazis' anti-Semitism was morally wrong. Many Jews themselves also fought back to try and stop the persecution of their people. This included attacking government officials and more minor examples such as anti-Nazi graffiti. Communist groups hated Nazi ideas and worked to undermine Nazi rule wherever it existed. Sometimes acts of resistance were led by people that had escaped Nazi imprisonment and wanted to stop others suffering this fate.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Some people hid Jewish people because they believed the Nazis' anti-Semitism was morally wrong. (People resisted because they did not agree with the Nazis' treatment of Jews.)
Many Jews themselves also fought back to try and stop the persecution of their people. (Jewish people resisted in the hope of ending the Nazis' anti-Jewish actions.)
Communist groups hated Nazi ideas and worked to undermine Nazi rule wherever it existed. (Communists resisted to try and overcome Nazism.)
Sometimes acts of resistance were led by people that had escaped Nazi imprisonment and wanted to stop others suffering this fate. (Some former prisoners resisted in the hope of saving others.)
Points of significant omission
some people resisted to help ensure that the Nazis were defeated in the war
resistance occurred as many people were angry at the Nazis invading their country
people resisted whose family and friends had been harmed by the Nazis
countries encouraged anti-Nazi resistance, for example, Britain, Free French
many people in occupied countries were impoverished by Nazi rule
introduction of forced labour laws led to widespread resistance to Nazi rule
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q90World War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of what happened during the 1944 Normandy landings.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D — is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1997.
Until 1943, Adolf Hitler and his generals refused to believe that there was any serious risk of attack from the west. Previous Allied attempts to invade France had failed. When D-Day began, the Normandy coast from east to west was filled with thousands of ships carrying soldiers who would land on the beaches. Allied minesweeper boats tried to clear a safe path for these ships. To assist with the landings, Allied parachute units were dropped into Normandy and other parts of France.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: a modern historian — Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the Normandy landings.
Type of Source: textbook — Useful as it would be a thoroughly researched account of the Normandy landings.
Purpose: to inform — Useful as it is a factual account of the Normandy landings.
Timing: 1997 — Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
When D-Day began, the Normandy coast from east to west was filled with thousands of ships carrying soldiers who would land on the beaches. (Useful because it is accurate (Allied soldiers did disembark boats and land on the beaches).)
Allied minesweeper boats tried to clear a safe path for these ships. (Useful because it is accurate (minesweepers did clear away mines).)
To assist with the landings, Allied parachute units were dropped into Normandy and other parts of France. (Useful because it is accurate (Allied paratroopers did land in France to help with the invasion).)
Points of significant omission
many Allied soldiers were killed as they attempted to land on the beaches
aerial battles took place between the Luftwaffe and RAF
tanks were landed on the beaches and used to provide cover for soldiers
How fully does Source A describe what happened during the Battle of Britain?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes what happened during the Battle of Britain.
In May 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain, replacing Neville Chamberlain. By the summer of the same year, Nazi forces controlled most of Europe. Hitler then turned his attention to Britain. German air attacks began on Britain’s coastal defences. Nazi Germany used Messerschmitt airplanes in the attacks. Britain tried to defend itself by using radar to give early warnings of German air raids. Many pilots who fought to save Britain came from other countries, including Poland and South Africa.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
German air attacks began on Britain’s coastal defences. (Germany attacked Britain’s coastal areas.)
Nazi Germany used Messerschmitt airplanes in the attacks. (Germans used the Messerschmitt airplane.)
Britain tried to defend itself by using radar to give early warnings of German raids. (Britain used radar to defend itself.)
Many pilots that fought to save Britain came from other countries, including Poland and South Africa (Pilots from different countries fought for Britain.)
Points of significant omission
the Germans targeted RAF air bases
during the battle, German bombing raids were carried out on various British locations
Nazi aircraft bombed British naval convoys
Spitfires and Hawker Hurricanes were used by the RAF to fight against the Germans
(from September), the German air force changed their bombing raids to night raids.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q84World War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the attack on Pearl Harbour.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — from a speech given by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941
Source B is from a speech given by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941.
Mr Vice President, Mr Speaker, and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives. Yesterday, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by Japan. The United States has been at peace with Japan for many years. I regret to tell you that due to the attack many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships were torpedoed at sea. Our people, our territory, and our interests are now in grave danger.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Useful because he was the American leader who would know about the events at Pearl Harbour.)
Type of Source: speech (Useful as it was a speech aimed at US politicians and the public.)
Purpose: to inform (Useful as it was aiming to get public support.)
Timing: 1941 (Useful as it was just after the attack on Pearl Harbour.)
Content
Yesterday, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by Japan. (Useful because it is accurate (Japanese forces carried out the attacks at Pearl Harbour).)
I regret to tell you that due to the attack many American lives have been lost. (Useful because it is accurate (Americans were killed in the attack).)
In addition, American ships were torpedoed at sea. (Useful because it is accurate (many US ships were attacked and destroyed.))
Points of significant omission
the US air force had many planes damaged or destroyed
many American ships were also destroyed in the harbour
the Japanese failed to destroy aircraft carriers which were at sea
Explain the reasons why some people in occupied territories collaborated with the Nazis.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
some governments accepted Nazi control hoping to maintain their country’s national borders
some government officials worked with the Nazis to keep their positions of power
some countries collaborated hoping for some independence after the war, for example, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
some collaborated because they supported Nazi ideas, for example, anti-Semitism, anti-Communism
some workers collaborated to keep their jobs, for example, shipyard workers in France
fear of being attacked and persecuted by the Nazis led to collaboration, for example, the ‘Night and Fog’ decree
some people collaborated in the hope of getting basics for their families
some people used collaboration as a way to attack enemies by denouncing them
some people gave information to the Nazis in the hope of protecting family members
many people collaborated because they did not believe they could do anything to stop Nazi control
after imprisonment or torture some people collaborated to avoid punishment
some people became involved in relationships with Nazi occupiers
To what extent9 marks2023Q86(a)World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent were Allied resources the main reason for the success of the Normandy landings in June 1944?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Allied resources
Allied superiority in men and equipment
use of Mulberry harbours
use of Pluto – pipeline transporting fuel across the Channel
gaining of naval and air superiority during the invasion
huge numbers of paratroopers secured bridges and roads near Normandy landing sites
Effective Allied planning
deception plans led German intelligence to believe an attack would target Calais
lessons learned after the failure of Dieppe invasion in 1942
Allies took advantage of the weather to surprise the Germans
German weaknesses
the Atlantic Wall defences were not complete
German commanders failed to react promptly to the assault
To what extent9 marks2023Q86(b)World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent were British military weaknesses the main reason that Britain lost the Battle of Singapore?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
British military weaknesses
pre-war warnings about possible Japanese attacks were discounted
Britain failed to prepare its defences for a Japanese land attack
many experienced British soldiers were sent to Europe and Africa
poor communications between Britain’s army and air force
weak British military leadership
the sinking of British battleships meant they could not prevent Japanese landings
Japanese military tactics
superior Japanese air power gave them an advantage
Japanese soldiers were very experienced
the Japanese commander convinced the British to surrender
Military intelligence
British Intelligence underestimated the strength of the Japanese army
the Japanese had many local spies who passed on information about British activities
Wider conflict
the conflict in Europe meant that the British had limited resources to fight at Singapore
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the citizens had to make fortifications to defend the city
when the Germans arrived they were unable to enter the city
the siege lasted two and a half years
the only supply route in or out of the city was across Lake Ladoga, by boat in the warm months and by truck when it was frozen in winter
the city faced constant bombardment by the Luftwaffe
To what extent9 marks2022Q87World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent were US code breakers the main reason for American victory at the Battle of Midway in 1942?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Code breakers
the Americans were able to confirm the Japanese target was Midway by intercepting radio communications
US Admiral Chester Nimitz used code breaker information to plan a deadly pre-emptive ambush
owing to code breaking intelligence, US was aware that the attack on the Aleutian Islands was a diversion
Japanese problems
the Japanese underestimated the US naval strength, for example, repair of Yorktown
Japanese mismanaged their resources, for example, they could have used more aircraft carriers but did not do so
the Japanese commander in charge, Nagumo, made crucial mistakes in the battle
the Japanese kept to their original plan even when they realised there was a US fleet nearby
the Japanese did not have radar and instead relied on the human eye to spot threats
Japanese maintained radio silence sailing to Midway thus Nagumo did not change course
American tactics
Nimitz was able to stock Midway Island with bombers, fighters, AA guns and ammunition so it effectively acted as another ‘carrier’
the Americans used Midway as the bait and allowed the Japanese to strike first before sending in the counterattack, catching them off-guard
at a crucial point in the battle, Enterprise bomber pilots spotted a lone Japanese warship in the middle of the ocean. Rather than attack it, they chose to follow it which led them to the main Japanese fleet
leadership and battle decisions made by US commanders, for example, Nimitz and Spruance
Compare the views4 marks2022Q88World War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, 1941.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, 1941.
The enemy attack was fierce and took us totally by surprise. The bombs sent filthy black smoke pouring up into the sky. A shock like an earthquake went through our formation and my aircraft shuddered with the force of it. The Arizona exploded and a deep red flame burst upwards followed by white smoke to a height of 3,000 feet. Nobody knew what to do first.
Source B
I was rudely awakened just before 8am by the most terrific noise of bombs. I jumped out of bed and ran to investigate. Black columns of smoke were rising into the sky from the harbour. The attack caught both the army and the navy completely off guard. I ran outside unsure of what to do and was shocked to see the Arizona explode in a ball of fire and white smoke.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The enemy attack was fierce and took us totally by surprise.
Source B: The attack caught both the army and the navy completely off guard.
agree
Source A: The bombs sent filthy black smoke pouring up into the sky.
Source B: Black columns of smoke were rising into the sky from the harbour.
agree
Source A: The Arizona exploded and a deep red flame burst upwards followed by white smoke to a height of 3,000 feet.
Source B: I ran outside unsure of what to do and was shocked to see the Arizona explode in a ball of fire and white smoke.
Explain the reasons why resistance in occupied Europe was so difficult.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
only a small minority of people participated in organised resistance which made armed resistance more difficult
the resistance movements of Europe had found it hard to make much of an impression on the might of the German military
the devastating Blitzkrieg attacks had given little time for each country to prepare resistance
the savage repression of local populations usually did enough to put people off joining any local resistance force
clashes between the two separate ideologies of the different wings of the Resistance movement, for example, Communist and non-communist limited their effectiveness
resistance was dangerous work and if caught those involved could expect the harshest of treatment, including execution
the Night and Fog decree deterred resistance
it was difficult to know who to trust as some were Nazi collaborators which made organising resistance difficult
in Eastern Europe, German forces were often welcomed into towns and villages as saviours from Soviet rule
Nazi restrictions made meeting with other resistance groups difficult
How fully does Source C describe Operation Market Garden, September 1944?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes Operation Market Garden, September 1944.
The Allied forces had made slower progress than expected across France, so were keen to speed up their advance. ‘Market Garden’ was the highly ambitious plan in September 1944 to reach Germany quickly through the Netherlands. Paratroopers dropped into the Netherlands and secured all bridges en-route to Germany. Rivers had been a difficult barrier in previous battles, therefore intact bridges were highly prized. Armoured forces moved as quickly as possible through the Netherlands. The allies succeeded in liberating the Dutch cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source, which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
‘Market Garden’ was the highly ambitious plan in September 1944 to reach Germany quickly through the Netherlands. (Market Garden aimed to help the Allied advance to Germany.)
Paratroopers dropped into the Netherlands and secured all bridges en-route to Germany. (Paratroopers helped in capturing key bridges.)
Armoured forces moved as quickly as possible through the Netherlands. (Armoured forces played a role in advancing through Holland.)
The allies succeeded in liberating the Dutch cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen. (The allies had success in capturing some cities.)
Points of significant omission
the town (and bridge) of Arnhem was the third major objective
the Allies hoped to move quickly by attacking along a narrow front
the ground forces attack in the Netherlands was slowed by resistance from German forces
US paratroopers attacked Eindhoven and Nijmegen
British plans to attack Arnhem went wrong and the attack failed
the British were surrounded near Arnhem (Oosterbeek) and forced to withdraw
How fully does Source D describe collaboration in occupied territories during World War II?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes collaboration in occupied territories during World War II.
In occupied Europe in 1940–1941, the Nazis encountered many active or potential collaborators. Some people took advantage of the opportunities for power or cruelty gained by working for the Nazis. Others in Eastern Europe helped the Nazis clear the local populations to make way for German incomers. The leaders of Vichy France were eager to develop a partnership with the Germans. In Norway, Vidkun Quisling headed the government in a joint administration with the Germans, making sure Nazi policies were followed.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Some people took advantage of the opportunities for power or cruelty gained by working for the Nazis. (Some worked for the Nazi because it gave them power and ability to use violence.)
Others in Eastern Europe helped the Nazis clear the local populations to make way for German incomers. (Some helped the Nazis clear Eastern Europe so the Germans could move in.)
The leaders of Vichy France were eager to develop a partnership with the Germans. (The Vichy Government wanted to cooperate with the Nazis.)
In Norway, Vidkun Quisling headed the government in a joint administration with the Germans, making sure Nazi policies were followed. (Norway had a pro-Nazis government making sure German rules were followed.)
Points of significant omission
assistance to Germany in rounding up Jewish peoples
assistance to Germany in guarding Jewish peoples in ghettos and concentration camps
forming relationships with German soldiers
Nazi sympathisers volunteered to fight for Germany
collaborators informed on resistance groups
in France, the government formed a militia to repress the resistance
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the pact is also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Non-Aggression Pact agreed that there would be no military action between the two nations for the next ten years
there was also a secret agreement between the two countries to divide up Eastern Europe
included in the Pact was an agreement that neither side would make any other alliance or aid an enemy of the other country involved in the Pact
the first part of the Pact was signed on August 19, 1939 and the second part was signed four days later
it stated that Germany would exchange manufactured goods for Soviet raw materials (for example, grain).
Compare the views4 marks2021Q87World War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the events at Dunkirk in 1940.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the events at Dunkirk in 1940.
A significant part of the story of Dunkirk is the thousands of small boats and fishing vessels that rescued the remaining British troops. The soldiers had been retreating to the beaches due to the German Blitzkrieg attack through France. Over 338,000 British and French soldiers were saved and Britain lived to fight another day. Churchill publicly described the rescue as a 'miracle of deliverance' and many people at home were relieved.
Source B
Events in Dunkirk were described by Churchill privately as a 'colossal military disaster'. Britain could not possibly continue fighting due to leaving behind thousands of tons of ammunition, vehicles and weapons. The British media exaggerated the events in order to raise morale. Only 861 small boats transported the soldiers back home which was a small proportion of the total, however, this was better than anticipated.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the events at Dunkirk.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: (A significant part of the story of Dunkirk is) the thousands of small boats and fishing vessels that rescued the remaining British troops.
Source B: Only 861 small boats transported the soldiers back to England which was a small proportion of the total, (however, this was better than anticipated).
disagree
Source A: Over 338,000 British and French soldiers were saved and Britain lived to fight another day.
Source B: Britain could not possibly continue fighting (due to leaving behind thousands of tons of ammunition, vehicles and weapons).
disagree
Source A: Churchill publicly described the rescue as a 'miracle of deliverance' and many people at home were relieved.
Source B: Events in Dunkirk were described by Churchill privately as a 'colossal military disaster'.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q88World War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source C as evidence of the experience of prisoners of war by the Japanese during World War II.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C — from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2017
Source C is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2017.
There were more than 140,000 prisoners in camps which were situated in Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and other Japanese occupied countries. One in three of these prisoners died as a result of the dreadful conditions in the camps. Prisoners suffered as Red Cross parcels were not given out. The terms of the Geneva Convention stated that prisoners should be treated fairly. However, camp commandants made up their own rules and inflicted harsh punishments for even minor rule breaking.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful because they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose (to inform): Useful because it provides detailed information about the treatment of prisoners of war by the Japanese.
Timing (2017): Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
One in three of these prisoners died as a result of the dreadful conditions. (Useful because it is accurate (that many prisoners did lose their lives in the camps).)
Prisoners suffered as Red Cross parcels were not given out. (Useful because it is accurate (that prisoners were denied this help).)
Camp commandants made up their own rules and inflicted harsh punishments for even minor rule breaking. (Useful because it is accurate (that harsh treatment of prisoners was commonplace).)
Points of significant omission
POWs had limited food (for example, barley, green stew, seaweed stew, beans, rice; vegetables/meat and fish were rare
accommodation was basic and unsanitary which spread disease (for example, barracks, slept on mats, open latrines)
work was hard and labour intensive (for example, mines, fields, shipyards, munitions factories, railroad buildings)
examples of severe punishments (for example, beatings, standing to attention for hours, various forms of torture, solitary confinement).
Explain the reasons why life was difficult for ordinary citizens in Nazi occupied Europe.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
citizens of occupied countries had to live under the same strict laws as those in Nazi Germany with harsh punishments for offences against German rule
many lived in fear of the Gestapo/SS brutality and the Police State, which was imposed over occupied countries
all newspapers and radio were controlled by the Nazi regime so information about the war was limited
the occupied territories were provided with limited rations and food was confiscated by Germany for their own people
the economy and industry in occupied territories was exploited meaning resources were limited for ordinary citizens
curfews were put in place meaning that movement was restricted and controlled
all citizens had to carry an ID card and punishments were severe for those who did not have one/could not produce theirs on demand
millions of people were deported to other countries as workers to help with the German war effort
Jewish populations in all occupied countries were deported to forced labour and death camps all over Europe
Jews were forced to register and wear the Star of David
their movements were restricted
ghettos were created for Jews in places like Warsaw where food supply was limited, and conditions were harsh such as overcrowding and disease and starvation.
How fully does Source D explain the reasons for the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D explains the reasons for the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945.
There is much debate among historians about the reasons for Japan's surrender on 15 August 1945. Some believe the surrender was the result of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many politicians in Japan were also discouraged by Germany's surrender. In February 1945, the Japanese military conducted a survey that concluded that Japan could not win the war. More than 60 Japanese cities where subjected to extensive firebombing in 1945, displacing, injuring and killing several hundred thousand civilians.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
some believe the surrender was the result of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
many politicians in Japan were also discouraged by Germany's surrender
the Japanese military conducted a survey that concluded that Japan could not win the war
more than 60 Japanese cities were subjected to extensive firebombing in 1945, displacing, maiming and killing several hundred thousand civilians.
Points of significant omission
Soviet troops invaded on Marachuria before the Nagasaki bombing which threatened Japan
submarine blockade virtually shut down Japans oil imports and the coastal shipping of coal and food
demoralised workers were abandoning factories, compounding existing shortages of war-related production
Japan's diplomats in Europe were shocked by the devastation of Germany and conveyed their concerns about Hitler's 'fighting to the finish' strategy
the Japanese Government was divided between civilians who wanted peace and military who wanted to continue the war, the Emperor favoured peace
the surrender also guaranteed the survival of the Imperial Family.
Explain the reasons why the German strategy of Blitzkrieg was successful in expanding German territory up to the fall of France in 1940.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the tactic was based on speed and surprise which helped to confuse the enemy and lead to quick defeat
dive-bombers were sent in first to destroy enemy aircraft on the ground and lines of communications making a counter-attack difficult to co-ordinate
massed tank offensives hit enemy weak points at speed which meant the enemy could not recover quick enough to fight back
behind the tanks were mechanised infantry who were able to quickly penetrate and hold enemy strong-holds
dive-bombers had the effects of causing chaos among the civilian population
German aircraft would continue to give air cover making it difficult for the enemy to co-ordinate their defence
tanks and aircraft would communicate via radio to co-ordinate movement and tactics making it easier for breakthroughs to occur efficiently and maintain pressure on the enemy
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q84World War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of US raids on Japan.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — from a diary of a US pilot written in 1943
Source A is from a diary of a US pilot written in 1943.
The bomber began rolling down the 470 feet of the aircraft carrier's flight deck. We watched Doolittle's plane like hawks, wondering what the wind would do to him. If he couldn't take off, we couldn't. Our mission to take revenge for Pearl Harbour would end before it began. Doolittle picked up speed, held to his line and, just as the carrier lifted up on top of a wave, Doolittle's plane took off — he had yards to spare. The raid was on.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: US pilot. Useful because he was an eye-witness.
Type of Source: diary. Useful as it is an honest personal recollection.
Purpose: to record. Less useful as it may be biased/US propaganda.
Timing: 1943. Useful because it is written during the US raids on Japan.
Content: The bomber began rolling down the 470 feet of the aircraft carrier's flight deck. Useful because it is accurate (aircraft carriers were used to launch bombers during the raid).
Content: Our mission to take revenge for Pearl Harbour would end before it began. Useful because it is accurate (the Doolittle raid was the first US retaliation for Pearl Harbour).
Content: Doolittle's plane took off. He had yards to spare. Useful because it is accurate (the leader of the mission and all the other pilots managed to take off successfully).
Points of significant omission
several aircraft carriers were used
planes were successfully launched from the aircraft carriers
military and industrial targets in Tokyo, Yokohama and other major cities were successfully bombed
some planes suffered problems with fuel and made it to Russia
some planes crashed in China
some raiders were captured by the Japanese
raids were a huge propaganda success and raised American morale/lowered Japanese morale
How fully does Source B describe the nature of Nazi control in occupied Europe?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the nature of Nazi control in occupied Europe.
By mid-1940 the Nazis had gained control of most of eastern, western and northern Europe. German rule in Poland was extremely harsh and a campaign of terror was directed towards the Polish people. The Polish population was supplied with very limited rations as most of the country's food was confiscated by Germany for their own people. In western Europe, the general population was treated less harshly than in the east. Holland was targeted to become part of Germany because it was considered a more Germanic country.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
German rule in Poland was extremely harsh and a campaign of terror was directed towards its people
the Polish population was supplied with limited rations as most of the country's food was confiscated by Germany for their own people
in Western Europe, the general population was treated less harshly than in the East
Holland was targeted to become part of Germany because it was considered a more Germanic country
Points of significant omission
each country under occupation was exploited for its economic and industrial wealth, the main function of occupation was for resources and labour
millions of people were deported to other countries as workers to help with the German war effort
Jewish populations in all occupied countries were deported to forced labour and later extermination camps all over Europe
the Nazis often left local governments in place, provided they were either sympathetic or could be easily manipulated, some countries were ruled by German military
citizens of occupied countries had to obey the same strict laws and faced the same punishments as those in Nazi Germany
To what extent9 marks2019Q86World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent were the efforts of the Russian Army the main reason for Allied victory in Europe in 1945?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Efforts of the Russian Army
Russians defeated the largest part of the German Army (for example 4/5ths)
Russia learned from the mistakes made in earlier fighting by re-organising their army, air force and communications to mimic those of the German military meaning they could fight the Germans on their own terms
Soviet industry was larger/more efficient than that of Germany meaning they could out last the German military
the Russian Army was huge, with vast reserves meaning that they could withstand heavy losses whereas the Germans could not
Efforts of the Allied armies
bombing raids on the German economy helped to devastate the industrial capacity of Germany
the combined efforts of the US, Canadian and British forces in the D-Day landings helped to push back the German Army from the west
Resources
the combined industrial output of the USA, Soviet Union and the British Empire was much larger than that of the Axis powers meaning the Allies could supply more armaments to their forces
British and American lend-lease aid helped Russia from 1942 onwards ensuring there was enough food, raw materials and engineering equipment to help the Russian Army continue to fight
German mistakes
Hitler's tactical mistakes (for example not letting his army retreat at Stalingrad so they were soon cut off)
Nazi Germany was not efficiently organised as various government agencies competed for resources and manpower so that the Nazis did not co-ordinate their resources as efficiently as the Allies
Germany could not gain vital access to resources such as oil due to their failure to take over areas such as the Caucasus oil fields in Russia
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ86World War II, 1939–1945
Explain the reasons why Hitler ordered the invasion of Russia in June 1941.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Hitler hated the Communist ideals of the USSR/thought Communism was a threat to Germany
Hitler believed in the expansion rights of the Master Race and wanted Russian land as Lebensraum (living space)/declared plans to invade in Mein Kampf
Hitler believed the Russian army would be easily defeated due to Russia’s failure in the Finnish war/as well as the purge of Red Army
he believed USSR would be an easy target and would fall in 6 to 8 weeks
Hitler wanted to enslave the Russian people (untermenschen) to work for the German Master Race
Hitler wanted the valuable resources contained in Russia eg grain, oil, iron ore/Germany was running short of vital raw materials by 1940
Hitler believed Russia to be a threat to Germany’s interests in the Balkans and Scandinavia
Stalin had resisted joining Germany, Italy and Japan in the Tripartite Pact of 1940
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 was only an alliance of convenience so that Hitler could successfully invade Poland/Hitler did not really trust Stalin
Hitler believed the conquest of Russia would force Britain to surrender.
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ87World War II, 1939–1945
Describe the Battle of Midway in June 1942.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
as the last part of their plan to conquer a Pacific Empire, the Japanese decided to attack the American airbase on the Island of Midway
Japanese fighter aircraft launched repeated attacks on American aircraft on Midway
American torpedo bombers launched a fierce attack and fatally damaged two Japanese aircraft carriers
bombers from the Yorktown were then bombed and destroyed another Japanese carrier
Japanese dive bombers attacked the Yorktown resulting in the carrier having to be abandoned
the Americans counter-attacked and dive bombers from Enterprise mortally wounded the Japanese carrier Hiryu
this forced Admiral Yamamoto to abandon the Japanese Midway invasion plans
Battle of Midway resulted in the US Navy inflicting a huge defeat on the Japanese navy/Japanese Imperial Navy lost four large aircraft carriers, Americans only lost one.
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ88World War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the work of the French Resistance. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the work of the French Resistance.
Resistance movements in occupied countries carried on the fight against Germany’s armed forces. Their methods included sabotage of the German rail network. They also distributed anti-German propaganda. This resistance took place in all countries occupied by the Germans. The help they gave the Allies was extremely important. Some historians believe without their help the Allies would have been defeated. If members of the Resistance were caught they would almost certainly be tortured and executed.
Source B
As a result of the German invasion in 1940 a resistance movement grew in France. Over the course of the war, the French Resistance scored key victories against the German occupation forces. Resistance members organised themselves in secret groups. They destroyed trains carrying German troops and military equipment. These accomplishments carried a heavy price as many members of the Resistance paid for their bravery with their lives.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall – the sources agree about the work of the French Resistance.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Their methods included sabotage of the German rail network.
Source B: They destroyed trains carrying German troops and military equipment.
agree
Source A: The help they gave the Allies was extremely important.
Source B: ...the French Resistance scored key victories against the German occupation forces.
agree
Source A: If members of the Resistance were caught they would almost certainly be tortured and executed.
Source B: These accomplishments carried a heavy price as many members of the Resistance paid for their bravery with their lives.
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ89World War II, 1939–1945
To what extent were German mistakes the main reason for the Allied success at Normandy in 1944?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
German mistakes
German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area even after the attack on Normandy had started
a number of key German commanders were absent from their posts during the critical first hours of June 6, including Rommel who was in Germany
communication problems caused German commanders to fail to react quickly enough to the assault
many of the German coastal units were made up of conscripts from Nazi-conquered lands who did not wish to die for Hitler and surrendered the first chance they had
the Luftwaffe’s last remaining fighter squadrons in France had been moved far out of range from the Normandy beaches, thus missing the chance to spot the Allied build-up and being able to disrupt or destroy it.
Effective allied planning
deception plans led German intelligence to believe an attack would target Calais/use of dummy staging areas in Dover fooled the Germans
Allies took advantage of bad weather to surprise the Germans.
Allied resources
use of Mulberry harbours allowed more troops and supplies to be brought to the beach heads
use of Pluto – pipeline transporting fuel across the Channel to allow a sustained attack by the allies.
Allied military advantages
allied superiority in men and equipment
paratroopers landed the night before to secure bridges and roads near the Normandy landing sites and hindered German counter attack
members of the French Resistance and the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) provided intelligence and helped weaken German defences through sabotage.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ90World War II, 1939–1945
How fully does Source C describe events leading to the fall of Berlin? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the fall of Berlin.
Friday 20th April was Hitler’s birthday. The Soviets sent him a birthday present in the form of an artillery barrage right into the heart of Berlin. The Western Allies launched a massive air raid. The radio announced Hitler had come out of his bomb-proof bunker. He spoke to young boys who had ‘volunteered’ to join the SS and die for their Führer in defence of Berlin. What a cruel lie! They didn’t volunteer, but had no choice. Boys who were found hiding were hanged as traitors by the SS.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Soviets sent him a birthday present in the form of an artillery barrage right into the heart of the Berlin
the Western Allies launched a massive air raid
young boys who had ‘volunteered’ to join the SS and die for their Führer in defence of Berlin
boys who were found hiding were hanged as traitors by the SS.
Points of significant omission
before the main battle in Berlin commenced, the Russian army was able to encircle the city by mid-April due to their success in previous battles
the Russians advanced easily against poor German defences at the Oder River
the defence of the city of Berlin relied upon disorganised/poorly armed units from the German army and Hitler Youth members/elderly men
within a few days, the Soviets rapidly advanced through the city and reached the city centre where close combat raged
before the battle was over, Hitler and a number of his followers committed suicide
faced with overwhelming odds, the city’s defenders finally surrendered on 2 May.
Explain the reasons why the German army was able to defeat Poland in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
two German army groups invaded, from Slovakia in the south and Prussia in the north which meant that the Polish forces were surrounded
the German air force attacked and destroyed the Polish air force in the air and on the ground which meant they quickly established air supremacy
German bombers attacked road and rail junctions, as well as concentrations of Polish troops which meant Polish counter-attack and communications were compromised
towns and villages were bombed to spread terror among civilians and generate a fleeing mass of refugees which blocked the roads and prevented reinforcements from arriving at the front
dive-bombers (Junkers) destroyed any strong points in the German path meaning that counter-attack was almost impossible
Anglo-French military aid could not reach Poland in time to help
the Soviet Union had signed a non-aggression pact with Germany in August 1939 and helped Germany defeat Poland by seizing a third of all Polish territory by mid-September
the Polish army was weaker than the German army (eg 30 Polish divisions faced 40 German ones/12 of the Polish divisions were cavalry)
the German army was more mechanised (eg while the Germans deployed 3,200 tanks, the Polish only had 600).
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q87World War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the German invasion of France in 1940.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian, published in 2011.
The German plan was to attack through Holland and Belgium, with the main blow against France to be launched a little later through the Ardennes. This was a hilly and heavily forested area on the German-Belgian-French border. Contrary to a generally held belief, the Germans had fewer tanks than the Allies (2,500 against 3,500) at this point. The German tanks were concentrated into Panzer formations but the French tanks were scattered rather than organised into powerful formations like the Germans.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historian — Useful because he is a well-informed expert.
Type of source
Textbook — Useful because it will have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose
To inform — Useful because it provides detailed information.
Timing
2011 — Useful because it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The German plan was to attack through Holland and Belgium, with the main blow against France to be launched a little later through the Ardennes — Useful because it is accurate (the plan was to attack France through the Ardennes).
Contrary to a generally held belief, the Germans had fewer tanks than the Allies (2,500 against 3,500) at this point — Useful because it is accurate (the German tanks were fewer in number than the French).
The German tanks were concentrated into Panzer formations but the French tanks were scattered rather than organised into powerful formations like the Germans — Useful because it is accurate (the German tank formations were stronger than the French).
Points of significant omission
German troops used Blitzkrieg tactics and unleashed their surprise attack
the French had most of their forces on the Maginot Line further south
the Germans launched a major offensive on Paris on 9th June/on 13th June Paris was declared an open city
the French government fled to Bordeaux/the first German troops entered the French capital on 14th June.
How fully does Source B describe the Battle of Midway in June 1942? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the Battle of Midway, June 1942.
At 10·26 am on the 4th June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed. At that moment 37 bombers from the USS Enterprise engaged in a dive-bombing attack on two Japanese aircraft carriers. Within minutes both ships were on fire due to the explosion of fuel lines and aircraft petrol tanks. Within six hours the remaining two Japanese carriers had also been destroyed. By the time the battle ended, 3,057 Japanese had died. Midway was that rarest of fights — a truly decisive battle.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
37 bombers from the USS Enterprise engaged in a dive-bombing attack on two Japanese aircraft carriers
within minutes both ships were on fire due to the explosion of fuel lines and aircraft petrol tanks
within six hours the remaining two Japanese carriers had also been destroyed
by the time the battle ended, 3,057 Japanese had died
Points of significant omission
the Americans were able to confirm the target of the Japanese was Midway by intercepting radio communications
the American attack was a combined assault, mixing torpedo bombers with dive bombers escorted by fighters
earlier the US torpedo bombers flew in at low level but were badly damaged by Japanese Zero fighters/47 out of 51 American torpedo planes were shot down
the dive-bombers from the USS Enterprise were lost, but found their target by following a Japanese destroyer, which was steaming at high speed to re-join the carriers after driving off an American submarine
the Japanese did not have radar, relying instead on the human eye to spot the threat
Japanese losses were much greater than the US (the Japanese lost four carriers, a heavy cruiser and 270 aircraft - the US lost one carrier and 130 aircraft).
Describe the conditions for prisoners in forced labour camps in Nazi occupied Europe.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
on arrival the inmates were separated (men and women were kept apart, children stayed with their mothers) had their heads shaved and were given a striped uniform
every day there was a roll call (sometime the prisoners would have to stand in rows for hours on end in all weathers)
before roll call the inmates had to share unsanitary toilet facilities and wash in dirty water with no soap or change of clothes
inmates were given meagre rations (eg watery soup, a piece of bread and some imitation coffee once a day)
depending on the type of camp, prisoners were assigned to a whole range of different duties (eg some remained inside the camp working on a variety of jobs, from administration tasks to heavy manual labour)
most prisoners worked outside the camps in one of the many factories, construction projects, farms or coal mines (they would quite often have to walk several kilometres to their place of work)
punishments for breaking rules were harsh and could result in death
sleeping quarters were cramped and overcrowded bunk beds.
Compare the views4 marks2018Q90World War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the Normandy landings in June 1944. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D describe the Normandy landings in June 1944.
The 6th of June 1944 saw the start of the largest naval, air and land operation in history. The Normandy landings, which pushed German forces out of north-west Europe, are often remembered as a predominantly American operation. The German forces were defeated in northern France due to the better tactical skills of the Allies. However, despite the Allies becoming bogged down in Normandy, they eventually secured one of history's most memorable victories.
Source D
Despite being led by an American General, D-Day was a huge Allied effort with Britain taking the lead in planning and resourcing it. Although a long and costly campaign, it played a crucial role in ending the war. The rapid Allied advance through France was faster than the German advance through France four years earlier. The German forces were not easy to defeat, nevertheless the Allies prevailed due to their superior resources.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources disagree about the Normandy landings in June 1944.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: The Normandy landings, which pushed German forces out of north-west Europe, are often remembered as a predominantly American operation.
Source D: Despite being led by an American General, D-Day was a huge Allied effort with Britain taking the lead in planning and resourcing it.
disagree
Source C: The German forces were defeated in northern France due to the better tactical skills of the Allies.
Source D: The German forces were not easy to defeat, nevertheless the Allies prevailed due to their superior resources.
disagree
Source C: However, despite the Allies becoming bogged down in Normandy, they eventually secured one of history's most memorable victories.
Source D: The rapid Allied advance through France was faster than the German advance through France four years earlier.
How fully6 marks2017Q68⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
How fully does Source A explain why Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December 1941? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about why Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December 1941.
In 1937 America restricted oil supplies to Japan. Faced with severe shortages of oil, Japan became increasingly angry with America. The Japanese were also determined to push American influence out of the Pacific and planned an attack. The attack was also intended to damage US military strength. A surprise attack took place on the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbour on 7 December 1941. Japan was confident of defeating the US because they had rehearsed the attack for a year until they achieved an 80% hit rate.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Japan became increasingly angry with America for cutting off its oil supplies.
Japan was also determined to push American influence out of the Pacific
the attack was also intended to damage US military strength
Japan was confident of winning because the Japanese had rehearsed the attack for a year until they achieved an 80% hit rate
Points of significant omission
Japan hoped to seize control in Asia and the Pacific and extend its Empire
the entire US Pacific fleet could be destroyed at Pearl Harbour giving Japan the upper hand
Japan hoped to crush US morale by destroying its prestigious naval fleet
Japan was angered after the First World War when the US placed immigration restrictions on it
Describe5 marks2017Q69⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Describe the treatment of Jews and other minorities in Nazi occupied Europe.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
confiscation of Jewish property and businesses
Jews made to wear the Star of David
ghettos created for Jews in Poland and Eastern Europe
work camps, detention camps, transfer camps and concentration camps set up around Europe for the internment of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, other religious minorities, asocials
in Eastern Europe mobile killing units were dispatched to eliminate Jews eg Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Romania,
mobile gas chambers in vans appeared in Eastern occupied territories from late 1941 onwards
mass deportation of Jews and other prisoners from Western Europe to Eastern camps took place from 1942 onwards
Compare the views4 marks2017Q70⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources B and C about collaboration in Nazi occupied Europe.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about collaboration in Nazi occupied Europe.
People collaborated with the Nazis in occupied Europe in many different ways. In many cases it was simply a way to survive such as doing the laundry of German soldiers to earn extra food for your family. Others were more actively involved by informing the Germans of “enemies” within the community. Then there were those who supported the Nazi regime such as the local civilians and police who were recruited into the SS death squads.
Source C
Collaboration on a large scale occurred in Vichy France where the authorities supplied information to help the Nazis round up “undesirables”. Other examples of collaboration involved civilians working for the Germans in order to earn extra money or gain extra food rations. The most infamous example of collaboration was at Babi Yar near Kiev. Over 33,000 Jews were slaughtered there in September 1941 by Nazi SS forces, assisted by the Ukrainian police.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: The sources agree about collaboration in Nazi occupied Europe
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: In many cases it was simply a way to survive such as doing the laundry of German soldiers to earn extra food for your family.
Source C: Other examples of collaboration involved civilians working for the Germans in order to earn extra money or gain extra food rations.
agree
Source B: Others were more actively involved by informing the Germans of ‘enemies’ within the community.
Source C: Collaboration on a large scale occurred in Vichy France where the authorities supplied information to help the Nazis round up ‘undesirables’.
agree
Source B: Then there were those who supported the Nazi regime such as the local civilians and police who were recruited into the SS death squads.
Source C: Over 33,000 Jews were slaughtered there in September 1941 by Nazi SS forces, assisted by the Ukrainian police.
Explain5 marks2017Q71⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Explain the reasons why the Normandy landings were successful.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
the Allies had complete naval and air superiority of the area prior to the landings which allowed them to deliver supplies
Allied deception plans were successful because the German High command believed the attack would happen at Pas-de-Calais
strategic bombing of the area behind the lines prevented German Panzer forces being deployed to Normandy
the use of floating harbours (Mulberries) which were brought over from England by the Allies allowed more troops and supplies to be transported to the beach heads
Pluto, the undersea pipe line was able to deliver fuel to allow for the sustained attack on the beach heads and further into German occupied territory
the landing of airborne forces hindered a German counter-attack
the German Atlantic Wall was incomplete
assistance of French resistance (eg destroying German communications)
Explain5 marks2016Q68⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Explain the reasons why Hitler launched an attack on Russia in June 1941.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Hitler hated the Communist ideals of the USSR/thought Communism was a threat to Germany
Hitler believed in the expansion rights of the Master Race and wanted Russian land as Lebensraum (Living space)/declared plans to invade in Mein Kampf
Hitler believed the Russian army would be easily defeated due to Russia’s failure in the Finnish war/as well as by purge of Red army
believed USSR would be an easy target/fall in 6 to 8 weeks
Hitler wanted to enslave the Russian people (untermenschen) to work for the German Master Race
Hitler wanted valuable resources contained in Russia eg grain, oil, iron ore/Germany was running short of vital raw materials by 1940
Hitler believed Russia to be a threat to Germany’s interests in the Balkans and Scandinavia
Stalin had resisted joining Germany, Italy and Japan in the Tripartite Pact of 1940
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 was only an alliance of convenience so that Hitler could successfully invade Poland/Hitler did not trust Stalin
conquest of Russia would force Britain to surrender
Describe5 marks2016Q69⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Describe the attack on Pearl Harbour by Japanese forces in December 1941.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
surprise attack on the morning of December 7th 1941
Japanese bombers, fighter and torpedo planes were launched from six aircraft carriers in the Pacific
attack came in two waves and lasted around 2 hours
Japanese attacked US battleships and airfields
USS Arizona exploded when a bomb hit the ship’s magazine, killing approximately 1,100 men
USS Oklahoma was torpedoed and listed so badly that it turned upside down
Japanese sent in 5 midget subs to aid the air force/Americans sunk 4 of the midget subs and captured the 5th
all battleships stationed at Pearl Harbour were sunk or damaged
over 2,400 Americans were dead/21 ships had been sunk or damaged/ over 188 US aircraft destroyed
Japanese lost only 29 aircraft and 65 killed
Japanese missed main targets as American aircraft carriers at sea
How fully5 marks2016Q70⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
How fully does Source A describe the preparations for the Normandy Landings of June 1944?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the preparation for the Normandy Landings of June 1944.
Operation Overlord was a complex operation. It involved the land, sea and air forces of the USA, Britain and Canada. Preparations began in 1943 under the overall command of General Eisenhower of the United States. Normandy was chosen as the site for the landings because of its open beaches that were not as well defended as those at Calais. Normandy was also chosen because it had a fairly large port, Cherbourg. It was also opposite the main ports of southern England. The intended date for the invasion was May 1944.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
preparations began in 1943 under the overall command of General Eisenhower of the United States
Normandy was chosen as the site for the landings because of its open beaches that were not as well defended as those at Calais
Normandy was also chosen because it had a fairly large port, Cherbourg
it was also opposite the main ports of southern England
Points of significant omission
deception plans intended to fool Germans into believing an attack would come at Pas de Calais or Norway/Allies had decoded German messages which gave the Allies an advantage
imaginary army units/rubber tanks/inflatable aircraft were stationed at areas around the Kent coast (opposite Calais)
double agents operated to pass false information to Germans (Garbo)
massive drive to manufacture equipment including transport ships, landing craft, amphibious tanks etc
floating harbours constructed on Clydeside (Mulberry Harbours)
pipe-line laid under the channel to transport fuel (Pluto)
large numbers of soldiers trained in Devon and on Scottish coasts, amongst other places/mobilised in secret to Southern England
prior to invasion Allied air forces targeted the railways and bridges of northern France to stop any counter-attack
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q71⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the use of atomic bombs against Japan in 1945.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — is from a leaflet dropped by the US Government over Japan on 16 August 1945.
TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE: We are in possession of the most destructive explosive devised by man. We have just begun to use this weapon against your country. If you still have any doubts, ask what happened to Hiroshima when just one atomic bomb fell on that city. You should take steps now to surrender. Otherwise we shall use this bomb again to promptly and forcefully end the war. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: US Government – Useful as it is a first-hand account
Type of Source: Leaflet – Less useful as it is a propaganda leaflet
Purpose: To persuade – Useful as it is an attempt to frighten the Japanese into surrendering
Timing: 16 August 1945 – Useful as this leaflet comes from the time atomic bombs were dropped over Japan
Points from the source
In possession of the most destructive explosive devised by man – Useful as it is accurate/the US were first to design the bomb
We have just begun to use this weapon against your country/ask what happened to Hiroshima – Useful as it is accurate/the first bomb had already been dropped on Hiroshima
Take steps now to surrender. Otherwise we shall use this bomb again to promptly and forcefully end the war – Useful as it is accurate/the US did threaten to drop a second bomb unless Japan surrendered
Points of significant omission
US used atomic bombs to avoid losing men in an invasion of Japan
Hiroshima bombed using the uranium bomb ‘Little Boy’
bomb killed 70-80,000 people immediately (70,000 were to die of after effects)
Hiroshima chosen to be completely destroyed as an entire city/was not a military target
3 days after the first bomb on Hiroshima, Nagasaki was attacked with the second bomb ‘Fat Man’
40% of Nagasaki was destroyed, approximately 70,000 died by the end of the year
effects of bombing: instant vaporisation, severe burns, radiation poisoning/sickness
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q65⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of what happened at Dunkirk in May 1940.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — Source A is from an interview with a sailor who was on board an evacuation ship at Dunkirk in May 1940.
The thing that shocked me most was seeing all the soldiers coming back without their equipment. We began to think it was the end of our way of life. We didn't know how long we'd be able to hold Jerry off in England. We knew we had the Navy, and that we could fight. However we didn't know what our soldiers would be able to do if Jerry invaded, because they had nothing.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Sailor — Useful because the sailor was an eyewitness
Type of Source: Interview — Useful because it provides honest personal opinions
Purpose: To inform — Useful because it gives a balanced account of the events
Timing: May 1940 — Useful because it is from the time of the evacuation from Dunkirk
Points from the source
Soldiers coming back without equipment — Useful because it is accurate - the army at Dunkirk had to leave a lot of equipment behind
Began to think it was the end of our way of life — Useful because it is accurate that many people did see it as a defeat
We knew we had the Navy, and that we could fight/however we didn't know what our soldiers would be able to do if Jerry invaded, because they had nothing — Useful because although it is accurate that some people wanted to fight, others were worried that they could not continue the war
Points of significant omission
British military had been pushed back to the beaches of Dunkirk by the advancing German army
British government requested all available civilian boats to travel across the Channel to evacuate the stranded British army
over 300,000 British and French soldiers rescued
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Explain6 marks2015Q66⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Explain the reasons why the Japanese attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbour in December 1941.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Japanese were angered at the US economic restrictions placed on them after their expansion into French Indochina/Chinese mainland
Japanese were confident in their military superiority over the US
Pearl Harbour was chosen because the entire US fleet was based there
Japanese wanted to extend their influence into South East Asia/needed to knock out the US Pacific fleet in order to gain control of the Pacific
Japanese hoped to crush US morale by destroying its prestigious naval fleet
Japan hoped to destroy the US naval fleet in order to gain breathing space – aircraft carriers were a particular target
Japanese confident of the support of Hitler/Pact with Germany
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
To what extent8 marks2015Q67⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
To what extent was effective planning by the Allies the main reason for the success of the Normandy landings in June 1944?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Effective Allied planning
deception plans led German intelligence to believe an attack would target Calais
use of dummy staging areas in Dover fooled the Germans
lessons learned after the failure of Dieppe invasion in 1942
Allies took advantage of bad weather to surprise the Germans
Allied resources
Allied superiority in men and equipment
use of Mulberry harbours
use of Pluto – pipeline transporting fuel across the Channel
gaining of naval and air superiority during the invasion
paratroopers landed the night before to secure bridges and roads near Normandy landing sites
Failure of German counter-attack
Communication problems caused German commanders to fail to react to the assault
German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area even after the attack on Normandy had started
Compare the views4 marks2014Q1⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B on the German strategy of Blitzkrieg.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the German strategy of Blitzkrieg.
Blitzkrieg was a tactic based on speed and surprise. It required the effective use of light tank units supported by planes and infantry. The tactic was developed by army officer Hans Guderian. He had written a military pamphlet called “Achtung Panzer” which got into the hands of Hitler. It was used effectively in the first years of the Second World War and resulted in the British and French armies being pushed back in just a few weeks to the beaches of Dunkirk.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the German strategy of Blitzkrieg.
Hitler had spent four years in World War One fighting a static war with neither side moving far for months on end. He was enthralled by Guderian's plan that was based purely on speed and movement. When Guderian told Hitler that he could reach the French coast in weeks if an attack on France was ordered, fellow officers openly laughed at him. Once a strategic target had been selected, Stuka dive bombers were sent in to “soften” up the enemy, then the tanks approached, supported by infantry.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree that the tactic of Blitzkrieg was effective at the beginning of the war.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Blitzkrieg was a tactic based on speed and surprise
Source B: Hitler was very excited by a plan of attack that was based purely on speed and movement
agree
Source A: It required the effective use of Stuka dive bombers
Source B: Stuka dive bombers were sent in to ‘soften’ up the enemy
agree
Source A: These were supported by light tank units and infantry
Source B: Then the tanks attacked, supported by infantry
Describe5 marks2014Q2⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Describe what life was like for the ordinary citizens of Nazi occupied Europe.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
Citizens in the west placed under German military rule
Eastern European civilians more brutally governed under German civil administrations
Vichy regime set up in southern France where citizens lived under German controlled French Government
Economies controlled: industry and agriculture supervised and the people often left to go hungry
Workers issued with work cards and free deployment of labour was prohibited
In western Europe workers pressured to ‘volunteer’ for work in Germany/pressure on young men to join ‘crusade’ against communism in East
Almost all food was rationed
Curfews in place
All citizens had to carry an identity card
Gestapo operated under Night and Fog Decree of 1941, giving them powers to seize anyone endangering German security
Media censorship
SS brutality and the Police State ruled over occupied citizens
Jews and other ‘undesirables’ deported to concentration camps mostly in the east/willing collaboration in deportation Jews eg Vichy
Jewish Poles dispossessed, property and belongings confiscated
Jews in Poland forced to live in ghettos then deported to camps in the east/examples of life in the ghettos
Special forces in Eastern Europe killed Jews and other undesirables in mass killings eg gypsies
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q3⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
How fully does Source C describe the activities of the French Resistance?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use Source C and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the activities of the French Resistance.
The French Resistance movement developed in 1940. It helped Jews, and Allied airmen who had crash landed in France, to escape. Many resistance workers paid for their courage with their lives. Even school children were recruited to help smuggle people across the borders of northern and southern France. As well as this, the Resistance movement was crucial to undermining Nazi rule by producing publications of news and information. Nazi rule was further challenged by the Resistance who worked together to discover French collaboration.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
It helped Jews or Allied airmen who had crash landed in France, to escape
School children were recruited to help smuggle people across the borders of northern and southern France
The Resistance movement produced anti-German propaganda which was crucial in undermining Nazi rule
Nazi control was further challenged by the Resistance who worked to punish any French collaboration
Points of significant omission
Key intelligence link for Allied spy networks
Sabotaged German military operations eg blowing up trains, convoys, ships etc
Targeted and killed many high ranking Nazi officials
Carried out acts of sabotage prior to and during the D-Day landings to help Allied establish a foothold in Normandy/pinned down vital German forces
Radio operators (pianists) to send messages of German activities and other communications back to Britain
Telephone workers sabotaged telephone lines and intercepted German military messages
Postal workers intercepted important military communications
Rail workers diverted freight shipments/caused derailments/destroyed tracks/blew up bridges
Created labs to manufacture explosives/stole explosives and other resources from German army
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain5 marks2014Q4⏳ Older formatWorld War II, 1939–1945
Explain the reasons why the Russian army was able to take over Berlin in 1945.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
Russian army encircled the city by mid-April due to their success in previous battles
Stalin had prioritised capturing Berlin before the Allies
Russians advanced easily against poor German defences at the Oder River/German units chose to concentrate fighting to the west of the city so they could surrender to Allied forces rather than Russian
Defence of the city of Berlin relied upon disorganised/poorly armed units from the German army and Hitler Youth members/elderly men or boys
City of Berlin defences in panic and disarray, so easier
Allied aerial bombing of the city assisted the Russian army
Artillery barrage into the city began on April 16th and pushed back the German defences further
Hitler sacked commanders, created confusion
Loss of morale after Hitler committed suicide
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
