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How fully6 marks2022Q38Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
How fully does Source A describe living conditions in cities up to 1914?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes living conditions in cities up to 1914.
The first census to deal with the problem of housing was that of 1861. It demonstrated that a significant number of all houses only had one room. An estimated 1% of families lived in houses without any windows. The 'single end' was the normal environment in which to bring up a family. Yet, there was much resentment at being trapped in these houses with rats and other vermin. There was also the problem of outside toilets which were shared by the entire building.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
It (the census) demonstrated that a significant number of all houses only had one room. (Many homes were small.)
An estimated 1% of families lived in houses without any windows. (Some families lived in homes without fresh air.)
Yet, there was much resentment at being trapped in these houses with rats and other vermin. (Some houses were infested with rats and other vermin.)
There was also the problem of outside toilets which were shared by the entire building. (Often outside toilets had to be shared by many people.)
Points of significant omission
problems of overcrowding were common
poor tenements and slum housing caused disease to spread easily
houses were often built close to factories that caused pollution
houses were built very close together which led to poor lighting and/or ventilation
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q39Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of working conditions in coalmines.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from an interview with a woman who worked in the coalmines in 1842
Source B is from an interview with a woman who worked in the coalmines in 1842.
I have worked underground for 33 years and in that time I have had 9 children. The pay is so low that I have always had to work until nearly giving birth, and then forced to return within days. It is extremely dangerous carrying large sacks of coal to the surface. I would work elsewhere, but there are no jobs. Women get so weak that they are forced to take their little ones down to help them, even children of 6 years old.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: a female mine worker โ Useful as it is an eyewitness account by someone who experienced working in a coalmine.
Type of Source: interview โ Useful as it will be a factual account.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it gives us a detailed account of conditions in the coal mines.
Timing: 1842 โ Useful as it was written at the time of poor working conditions in coalmines.
Content
The pay is so low that I have always had to work until nearly giving birth, and then forced to return within days. โ Useful because it is accurate (wages were so low that women could not afford to take time off work.
It is extremely dangerous carrying large sacks of coal to the surface. โ Useful because it is accurate (women were expected to carry heavy baskets of coal which caused injury and back problems).
Women get so weak that they are forced to take their little ones down to help them, even children of 6 years old. โ Useful because it is accurate (young children worked in coalmines, helping their mothers or working as trappers).
Points of significant omission
hewers cut coal with pickaxes in narrow seams, at times only 18 inches high
accidents such as roof falls, explosions, shaft accidents and drowning were frequent
poor ventilation meant dust stayed in the air and caused health problems
Explain the reasons why canals declined as a form of transport.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
canals lost business as they were slower than trains
canals were affected by seasonal weather and were therefore unreliable, for example, freezing in winter or low water level in summer
canals were more expensive to build than railways, so railways attracted more investment than canals
trains could transport bulk goods more cheaply than canals
canals were built to different specifications making it difficult to use the same barge in various locations
railways were more popular than canals as more passengers could travel on them
canals could not go everywhere especially in hilly country
factories could have their own sidings which were more convenient than canals
railways used more by passengers as they were comfortable
railways ran to a more reliable timetable than canals
To what extent9 marks2022Q41(a)Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
To what extent were divisions among the Chartists the main reason for the failure of the Chartist movement?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Division among the Chartists
some Chartists had different aims, which caused tension within the movement, for example, education, sobriety
Lovett and O'Connor disagreed overuse of militancy, splitting the movement
many middle-class Chartists withdrew their support which led to the movement becoming less influential
Poor organisation
lack of a single leader weakened the movement
Chartist groups were spread out in small groups all over the country making coordination difficult
Failure of petitions
the Chartists submitted three petitions to Parliament and all were ignored
the third petition was criticised for containing fake names
Improvements to the economy
the economy improved, reducing interest in the Chartists, for example, unemployment fell, food prices came down
Impact of other movements
new movements attracted support away from Chartism, for example, the Anti-Corn Law League, the Ten-Hour Movement
Press
Chartists were ridiculed in the press, so lost respect
To what extent9 marks2022Q41(b)Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
To what extent was piped water supply the main reason for improved health in Britain by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Piped water supply
provision of clean water reduced diseases such as cholera
wash houses and public baths introduced in 1878 which improved hygiene and health
Other improvements in Public Health
introduction of public health acts gave local authorities power to improve conditions
proper drainage and sewage systems reduced spread of disease
appointment of Medical Officer of Health meant a qualified official enforced improvements
Medical advances
the introduction of vaccination, for example, for smallpox improved health
new developments in surgery (for example, chloroform, carbolic acid) prevented infection and deaths
improvements in hospital hygiene
improvements in medical standards and training led to better doctors, nurses and midwives
Improvements in hygiene
cheaper soap improved hygiene and health
Better diet
railways transported fresh foods across the country, which led to better, more nutritious diet
How fully6 marks2022Q34The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
How fully does Source A describe the experience of slaves in slave factories on the African coast?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the experience of slaves in slave factories on the African coast.
Those being forced into slavery are forced to walk for many days to reach the coast. When captured Africans are brought from the inland areas, they are held in prison. There is a chain of 30 large stone forts along the Gold Coast of West Africa. When we buy the captives, they are all brought out together and thoroughly examined by our surgeons. Slaves are often put in punishment cells for rebellious behaviour. Slaves are often kept chained up during their time in slave factories.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
When captured Africans are brought from the inland areas, they are held in prison. (Enslaved people were gathered in prisons.)
When we buy the captives, they are all brought out together and thoroughly examined by our surgeons. (Enslaved people were examined by doctors.)
Slaves are often put in punishment cells for rebellious behaviour. (Enslaved people were put in punishment cells for rebelling.)
Slaves are often kept chained up during their time in slave factories. (Enslaved people were often shackled whilst in the slave factories.)
Points of significant omission
enslaved Africans would be separated by gender in factories
the enslaved people passed as fit were branded on the chest with a hot iron to stop the African traders from switching bought slaves for unfit ones
enslaved women would suffer sexual exploitation
enslaved people would be whipped for anything they did wrong
enslaved people were fed little amounts of food to keep them docile
prisoners could be kept in slave factories for months
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q35The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the impact of the slave trade on the development of the Caribbean islands.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ a letter written by a visitor to Jamaica in 1774
Source B is a letter written by a visitor to Jamaica in 1774.
Smallpox is a dreadful disease which has frequently caused many deaths here among the enslaved Africans. The latest method of vaccination practised in this island promises to put an end to such awful loss of life. I am also concerned at the deep divisions that can be seen between rich white and poor free black communities. The focus only on sugar is stopping this island from developing other businesses which will harm the island's economy if sugar prices go down.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: visitor to Jamaica โ Useful because it is an eyewitness account of Jamaica.
Type of Source: a letter โ Useful as it is more likely to be an honest account.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful because it is intended to give an accurate description.
Timing: 1774 โ Useful as it is written when the slave trade was having a significant impact on the island of Jamaica.
Content
Smallpox is a dreadful disease which has frequently caused many deaths here among the enslaved Africans. โ Useful because it is accurate (many infectious diseases were fatal to enslaved people).
I am also concerned at the deep divisions that can be seen between rich white and poor free black communities. โ Useful because it is accurate (slavery did create a divide in Caribbean society).
The focus only on sugar is stopping this island from developing other businesses which will harm the island's economy if sugar prices go down. โ Useful because it is accurate (sugar prevented the growth of other industries in the Caribbean).
Points of significant omission
Native people (Arawaks) died out ending their culture
the natural beauty of the island was destroyed because land was cleared for plantations
small farms were replaced by large plantations causing a loss of employment and income for islanders
slavery increased racism and hindered the development of the island
Explain the reasons why resistance by slaves was so difficult on plantations.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
harsh punishments such as whipping meant that enslaved people were too scared to resist
enslaved people were afraid to resist in case they were sold off away from their families
enslaved people were branded which made runaways very easy to spot and so they would be recaptured quickly
large rewards were given for the capture of runaways which deterred escapes
slave owners were very well armed with guns and so were able to put down any attempts of resistance by enslaved people
enslaved people were not given much free time so they would find it difficult to be able to organise rebellions
there were heavily armed militia which were a deterrent to resistance
rebel ringleaders were publicly tried and executed which deterred others from resisting
To what extent9 marks2022Q37(a)The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
How important was the role of William Wilberforce in the success of the abolitionist campaigns to end the Atlantic slave trade?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
William Wilberforce
Wilberforce introduced many bills into parliament, which put pressure on MPs to end the slave trade
Wilberforce had the support of important politicians who backed his campaign
in 1804 the Abolition Bill Wilberforce introduced was passed by the House of Commons
Other Abolitionists
Newton wrote a book describing the horrors of the slave trade which shocked the public and increased support
Equiano's autobiography and speaking tours highlighted the plight of enslaved people
Clarkson collected evidence of the slave trade which horrified people, for example, manacles, thumbscrews and the Brookes ship diagram
role of religious belief in changing attitudes towards slavery, for example, Quakers
Campaign methods
many petitions sent to parliament highlighting the support of the public against the Slave Trade
women refused to buy sugar produced by enslaved people and persuaded grocers not to sell it
slogans such as 'Am I not a man and a brother' on Wedgewood
Economic reasons
slave trade ceased to be profitable
Resistance of enslaved people
reactions of plantation owners to increasing slave rebellions made the trade less viable for example, Haiti
To what extent9 marks2022Q37(b)The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
How important was loss of population as an impact of the slave trade on African societies?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Loss of population
over twelve million people taken from Africa during the slave trade
six million Africans died on the way to the coast to be sold
it's estimated the population should have been 50 million instead of 25 million
disease spread more easily due to the movement of captured enslaved people within Africa, further reducing the population
Agriculture
fewer young, strong, healthy Africans to grow food which led to famine
agricultural improvements were not made in Africa due to lack of experienced farmers
to avoid slavers good farmland on the coast was abandoned leading to fewer crops and greater hunger
Conflict
villages were often destroyed or deserted
wars between African tribes became more common to enable the capture of prisoners to trade as slaves
use of guns traded for enslaved people meant conflict was more violent
tribal conflict to capture prisoners created an atmosphere of hatred and distrust among tribes that lasted long after the slave trade
Racism
ideas of African inferiority remained among Europeans for many years as a result of the slave trade
How fully6 marks2022Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
How fully does Source A describe the Normanisation of Scotland?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the Normanisation of Scotland.
King David I was born on a date unknown in 1084 in Scotland. David I had spent much of his early life in England and Normandy. He was the youngest son of Malcolm III and became king in 1124. David I granted land to nobles who had been part of the Norman conquest. He created a new ruling elite in Scotland. In southern Scotland, a language developed that was similar to Old English, called Scots. Royal burghs were established which promoted trade in towns such as Roxburgh and Berwick.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
David granted land to nobles who had been part of the Norman conquest. (Land was given to Norman nobles to support David.)
He created a new ruling elite in Scotland. (David created a new elite to support him.)
In southern Scotland, a language developed that was similar to Old English, called Scots. (The Scots language developed in the south of Scotland.)
Royal burghs were established which promoted trade in towns such as Roxburgh and Berwick. (Royal burghs were set up to boost trade.)
Points of significant omission
David helped spread the Norman ideals of feudalism
castles were built and/or rebuilt
Scottish royal coinage was introduced
Abbeys were established, for example, Melrose in the Borders
new sheriffdoms were created that enabled the king to effectively administer royal lands
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a chronicle written by a monk in 1170
Source B is from a chronicle written by a monk in 1170.
Prior to the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, his relations with the king were increasingly strained. Henry II wanted an Archbishop who would reform the power of the Church in favour of himself. The Archbishop was told that four knights had arrived from the king who wanted to speak with him. One of the knights approached him, striking the Archbishop on the shoulder with his sword. After the first blow, the knights attacked and butchered him, scattering his brains across the floor.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: a monk โ Useful as he would likely be honest about the events of the murder (as a churchman).
Type of Source: chronicle โ Useful as it is a written record so it will be detailed. Less useful as it could be exaggerated.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful because it contains a detailed account of the murder.
Timing: 1171 โ Useful as it was written close to the time of the murder of Becket.
Content
The Archbishop was told that four knights had arrived from the king who wanted to speak with him. โ Useful as accurate. (Four knights did enter the monastery to speak to Becket.)
One of the knights approached him, striking the Archbishop on the shoulder with his sword. โ Useful as accurate. (A knight did strike Becket on the shoulder.)
After the first blow, the knights attacked and butchered him, scattering his brains across the floor. โ Useful as accurate. (He was murdered and the top of his head was cut off.)
Points of significant omission
the knights demanded that Becket pardon the men he had excommunicated
the knights insisted that Becket attend a court to answer for his actions
Explain6 marks2022Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
Explain the reasons why the Church was important in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Church taught people how to be good Christians, giving people a sense of purpose in life
the Church heard confessions which gave people comfort
the Church carried out key ceremonies, which were important moments in people's lives, for example, baptisms, marriages
the Church performed last rites for the dying which was an important aspect of religious life
the Church kept tithes for villages in case of harvest failure which provided a level of security
the Church decided on holidays which provided people with enjoyment, for example, Church festivals and saint's days
the Church educated boys for a career in the church which was seen as a noble profession
the Church owed service to the king which was important as they raised an army for the king
the Church was an active political advisor to the king
the Church employed large numbers of people from the community
To what extent9 marks2022Q29(a)The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
To what extent was discontent over the Poll Tax the main reason for the Peasants' Revolt in 1381?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Poll Tax
the peasants were worried because they could not pay the new Poll Tax (which had been introduced in 1377, 1379 and 1381)
the peasants were angry with the 1381 Poll Tax because every person over 15 had to pay 4d per year
Resentment towards the government
King Richard II was still young for example, the peasants believed he was being badly advised by his commissioners
the peasants disliked the King's commissioners because they were enforcing the collection of new taxes, for example, in Essex and Kent
the peasants were tired of paying for the war with France
the peasants feared the French might invade as the war was going badly
Black Death
the peasants were unhappy because after 1351 no peasant could ever be paid more than he was before the Black Death, for example, the Statute of Labourers
the peasants were angry because since the Black Death not all had been able to buy their freedom from their lord
The Church
the peasants resented having to work on the Church's land for free
the peasants were angry when John Ball, a priest who supported them, was jailed
John Ball's speeches argued that the peasants should not be under control of the land, lords or churches
To what extent9 marks2022Q29(b)The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
To what extent was William's relationship with Edward the Confessor the main reason why William claimed a right to the English throne?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Relationship with Edward
William supported Edward during the rebellion in England
William was related to Edward the Confessor through marriage
William claimed Edward had promised him the throne
Support from others
William received the support of the Pope prior to the invasion
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV supported William's claims
William felt God was on his side
William's ambitions/military success
William had been a successful leader in unifying Normandy
William had successfully dealt with threats from France while ruling Normandy
Actions of Harold Godwinson
William claimed that Harold had vowed to accept William as the rightful heir
William claimed Harold was unworthy of the throne because he had broken his oath
How fully6 marks2022Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
How fully does Source A describe the surveys of Booth and Rowntree?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the surveys of Booth and Rowntree.
In the late 19th century, there was a growing interest in the welfare of the general population. Charles Booth's study of London's population showed that poverty was not always the poor person's own fault. Booth's survey brought new methods to study the amount of poverty that existed. Booth's findings were supported by Seebohm Rowntree. Rowntree showed that poverty was not just a problem in London but in towns like York too. The survey by Rowntree found that one third of the population of York lived in poverty.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Charles Booth's study of London's population showed that poverty was not always the poor person's own fault. (The level of poverty in London was not always the fault of the individual.)
Booth's survey brought new methods to study the amount of poverty that existed. (The study used new methods to find out how much poverty existed.)
Rowntree showed that poverty was not just a problem in London but in towns like York too. (Poverty did not just exist in the UK's capital.)
The survey by Rowntree found that one third of the population of York lived in poverty. (The problem of poverty was also large in York.)
Points of significant omission
Booth's report concluded that approximately 30% lived in poverty
Rowntree's report showed that there was a cycle of poverty, so helped convince people that the poor needed help at certain times of their lives
Booth worked out a poverty line, a level of income needed for a family to stay out of starvation
Booth found that the scale of poverty could not be met with the help of charities alone
Rowntree identified two types of poverty; Primary and secondary
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the limitations of the Liberal reforms of 1906โ1914.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a speech by David Lloyd George (a Liberal politician) in 1914
Source B is from a speech by David Lloyd George (a Liberal politician) in 1914.
Concerns have been raised that compulsory contributions for sickness and unemployment have led to poor people falling further into poverty. It has also been suggested that the payments do not last long enough to sustain the poor if they are sick or unemployed. However, there have been some successes in reducing unemployment in key industries such as shipbuilding. The National Insurance Act has been a great social experiment but only covers the better off workers.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: David Lloyd George โ Useful because he was an eyewitness and/or a Liberal politician who would know about the Liberal reforms.
Type of Source: speech โ Useful because this reflects the views of a Liberal politician.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as the information is likely to be accurate (about the limitations of the Liberal reforms).
Timing: 1914 โ Useful as it is from the time of the Liberal reforms.
Content
Concerns have been raised that compulsory contributions for sickness and unemployment have led to poor people falling further into poverty. โ Useful as it is accurate (many were worried that the contributions would cause workers to fall below the poverty line).
It has also been suggested that the payments do not last long enough to sustain the poor if they are sick or unemployed. โ Useful as it is accurate (unemployment benefit only lasted for 15 weeks).
The National Insurance Act has been a great social experiment but only covers the better off workers. โ Useful as it is accurate (the Act did not support all workers).
Points of significant omission
Free School Meals Act โ did not support children during holidays and many continued to go hungry
Medical Inspections Act โ free treatment not available until 1912
Old Age Pensions Act โ many did not live long enough to receive their pension
Labour Exchanges โ voluntary, not compulsory, which meant that many vacancies went not advertised
Explain6 marks2022Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
Explain the reasons why the Beveridge Report of 1942 was popular with the British public.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the British public were happy with the Beveridge Report because it proposed improvements to the lives of all British citizens, not just particular groups
the Beveridge Report recommended the removal of the 'means-test' which many British people liked as they had found this to be a humiliation
identification of the Five Giant Evils was met with approval by the British public
the report simplified the system of national insurance, which was popular
indefinite payment of unemployment benefits was met with approval by those struggling to find work
introduction of family allowances were popular with those who had large families
suggestion of a National Health Service which would meet the needs of all British citizens was popular with many
proposed changes to the system of social insurance, for example, old age pensions, funeral grants would benefit many people and was therefore popular
the Beverage report was popular as it was seen as a reward for the difficulties endured during the war
To what extent9 marks2022Q45(a)The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
How successful were the Labour welfare reforms, 1945โ1951, in improving the lives of the British people?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Reforms to tackle disease
NHS treatment was free at point of delivery
treatment was comprehensive which met a range of needs, for example, doctors, dentists, opticians
NHS had a significant cost which caused charges to be introduced
Reforms to tackle want
National Insurance Act gave all workers benefits, for example, pensions, maternity grants.
did not cover individuals who were out of work and had not paid enough National Insurance
Reforms to tackle idleness
nationalisation of key industries reduced chances of unemployment, for example, NCB
working conditions and wages were generally unimproved
Reforms to tackle squalor
New Towns Act planned 12 New Towns which eased overcrowding
building of more prefabricated and council houses helped with the housing shortages after WWII
still a significant shortage of housing after 1951
Reforms to tackle ignorance
Education Act raised the school leaving age to 15
11+ exam proved socially divisive and many children felt a sense of inferiority if they were sent to a technical school
To what extent9 marks2022Q45(b)The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
How successful was the voluntary system in dealing with the problem of poverty before 1906?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Successes of the voluntary system
some people argued that a voluntary system ensured the poor were encouraged to keep working their own way out of poverty
Friendly Societies gave people the opportunity to save for future challenges they may face
savings banks encouraged people to save their money
The Cooperative Movement allowed poor people access to goods at cheaper prices, making it easier to afford food
voluntary hospitals provided healthcare
charities existed to help the poor for example, Barnardos for children
Failures of the voluntary system
poverty was widespread in Britain in the early 1900s, suggesting that the voluntary system was failing to tackle social problems
lack of success of voluntary system clear in high child mortality
school inspections showed that child poverty was a particular issue
many people were forced to rely on the Poor House, which was seen as a huge social embarrassment and avoided
voluntary hospitals were often overwhelmed by demand, meaning treatment was limited
voluntary system did nothing to try and break the cycle of poverty.
How fully6 marks2022Q30War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
How fully does Source A describe the changes to the ways Scotland and England were governed after the Union of the Crowns?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the changes to the ways Scotland and England were governed after the Union of the Crowns.
Before the Union of the Crowns, Scotland and England were entirely different countries. This changed in 1603. A significant difference was that James VI and I was based in London. Communication was greatly improved with the development of a postal service between Edinburgh and London to keep the King in touch with his government in Edinburgh. However, after 1603 Scotland found it more difficult to influence foreign policy. In addition, Scotland was to be ruled by a Privy Council to ensure the King's will was followed in Scotland.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
A significant difference was that James VI and I was based in London. (James based his government in London.)
Communication was greatly improved with the development of a postal service between Edinburgh and London to keep the King in touch with his government in Edinburgh. (A postal service was developed between Scotland and England improving communication.)
However, after 1603 Scotland found it more difficult to influence foreign policy. (After 1603 Scots found it harder to advance their interests in foreign policy.)
In addition, Scotland was to be ruled by a Privy Council to ensure the King's will was followed in Scotland. (Scotland was governed by a Privy Council.)
Points of significant omission
James VI and I rarely visited Scotland after his coronation
no new institutions or government structures were put in place
James declared himself to be 'King of Great Britain'
Parliament was run by a small committee called the Committee of Articles (Lords of the Articles)
Committee/Lords of the Articles could only suggest new laws for Scotland
the King chose the Lords and bishops to become part of the Committee/Lords of the Articles
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q31War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of what happened during the Bishops' Wars.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ a public letter written by King Charles I in 1639 addressed to the Scottish people
Source B is a public letter written by King Charles I in 1639 addressed to the Scottish people.
To all of our loving and loyal Scottish subjects, greetings. We have advanced with our army and nobles of this kingdom and intend to end the current disorderly actions of some Scots. This nation knows that there is a plan of some Scots to invade England. If these men raise troops without our authority and come within 10 miles of the English border then we shall see that as an invasion and treat all such men as rebels.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: King Charles I โ Useful, as he had first-hand experience of the Bishops' Wars.
Type of Source: letter โ Useful, as it is an official document.
Purpose: to warn the Scots โ Useful, as it shows Charles' view of Scotland.
Timing: 1639 โ Useful, as it is from the time of the Bishops' Wars.
Content
We have advanced with our army and nobles of this kingdom and intend to end the current disorderly actions of some Scots. โ Useful, as it is accurate (the English army marched north to deal with the Scots).
This nation knows that there is a plan of some Scots to invade England. โ Useful, as it is accurate (some Scots planned an invasion of England).
If these men raise troops without our authority and come within 10 miles of the English border then we shall see that as an invasion and treat all such men as rebels. โ Useful, as it is accurate (Charles viewed the Scots actions as a rebellion).
Points of significant omission
Charles was slow to gather an army so the Scottish army had time to prepare
Charles sought a truce demanding the disbanding of both armies, the Truce of Berwick, that was rejected by the Scots
Charles was forced to call a Parliament to ask for money but dissolved it after he refused to compromise, for example, the short Parliament
the Scottish army invaded England and met little resistance
Explain6 marks2022Q32War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
Explain the reasons why there were challenges to royal authority in England under Charles I.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
King Charles I believed in the Divine Right of Kings which annoyed Parliament as they objected to the power it gave him
Charles' period of Personal Rule (1629 โ 1640) increased opposition because he ruled without consulting parliament for 11 years
Charles' personality caused problems because he was considered extravagant and Parliament accused him of wasting money
the foreign policy of Charles I caused opposition, as it was unpopular and unsuccessful, for example, war with Spain
money raising methods of Charles led to opposition as they were seen as unfair, for example, Ship Money
Charles attempted to reform the Church by introducing religious policies that were opposed by parliament and Puritans because they believed they were returning to more Catholic worship
Charles showed favoritism to some individuals at court, for example, Buckingham, who was distrusted by parliament
To what extent9 marks2022Q33(a)War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
To what extent were religious disputes the main reason for the outbreak of civil war in 1642?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Religious disputes
Charles was married to the Catholic Henrietta Maria of France, who was allowed to practice her religion, and this created mistrust of Charles
Charles preferred a form of worship that made some fear he was leaning to Catholicism
Charles clashed with Scots over the issue of the new Prayer Book and this angered the Scots so much that they invaded England in 1639
new forms of worship were imposed which were disliked by Protestants
Finances
rich men were forced to buy their titles or be fined which caused resentment
Charles ordered that everyone pay Ship Money, previously limited to coastal areas, for example, some MPs arrested such as in Hampden
Parliament refused to raise money for Charles to go to war in Scotland causing tension
Politics
in 1629, Charles refused to let Parliament meet for 11 years, angering MPs
Charles used the Court of Star Chamber to rule without Parliament, which was seen by many as an abuse of power
Parliament was angry that Charles had tried to arrest critical MPs in the House of Commons
King's character
Charles was arrogant which led to a poor relationship between him and Parliament
Parliament and the King clashed over Charles' strong belief in the Divine Right of Kings.
To what extent9 marks2022Q33(b)War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
To what extent was the personality of James VI and I the main reason for tension between the King and Parliament up to 1625?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
The King's personality
some in the Parliament were offended by the King's belief in the Divine Right of Kings
James was criticised for neglecting the business of government in favour of leisure pursuits
James was intelligent but his inflexibility led to conflict with parliament
Political disputes
quarrels over the King's choice of leading minister, for example, the Duke of Buckingham
James ruled without Parliament from 1614 to 1621
Religious differences
the Millenery Petition of 1603 requested changes be made to practices in the Church of England; James rejected most changes which caused tension
James demanded that the clergy had to follow 39 articles and the Prayer book, which annoyed many
James gave bishops more control in the Church which worried Puritans that he was attempting to Anglicise the Church of Scotland, causing unrest
Parliament was suspicious of James' perceived Catholic smpathies
Financial reasons
Crown and Parliament quarrelled over the sale of monopolies
James was viewed as extravagant, for example, his coronation
James was financially wasteful, and was over generous to his favourites
Describe4 marks2022Q51โTea and Freedomโ: the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Describe the ways in which the British Government tried to raise revenue in the American colonies up to 1774.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
The Revenue Act (Sugar Act) 1764 cut duty on sugar and molasses
The Revenue Act (Sugar Act) 1764 was more strictly enforced than previous legislation
Currency Act 1764 placed a ban on colonial paper money
Stamp Act 1765 required stamps to be fixed to all legal documents, commercial papers, newspapers and pamphlets
Declaratory Act 1766 asserted that laws passed by Parliament were legally binding within the colonies, including those raising taxes
Townshend Duties 1767 imposed duties on colonial imports of glass, wine, China, lead, paint, paper and tea
Tea Act 1773 permitted the East India Company to export tea to the colonies directly but the colonists had to continue paying the Townshend duties
To what extent9 marks2022Q52โTea and Freedomโ: the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
How important were the benefits of the British Empire as a reason why some colonists remained loyal to Britain during the war?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Benefits of the British Empire
British trade had helped make many colonists wealthy
some colonists had positions of influence within the British administration and wanted to protect this
Loyalists wanted to continue receiving protection from the British Army, for example, against Native American tribes
Loyalty to Britain
King George III still commanded respect among many colonists
many groups had sworn loyalty to the crown so felt obligated to keep their oaths
most colonists had British ancestors and were proud of being British
prominent individuals such as Flora Macdonald remained loyal to Britain and encouraged other Highlanders to do the same
Fear of unknown
some colonists feared that without British institutions law and order would break down
most loyalists were conservative and feared the spread of revolutionary ideas
Incentives
the British army paid bounties to colonists to join loyalist regiments, which enticed many poorer Americans
the British government promised to free slaves who fled their patriot mastersโ plantations.
Compare the views4 marks2022Q53โTea and Freedomโ: the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the events in Lexington and Concord in 1775.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the events in Lexington and Concord in 1775.
The first shots of the war were fired at Lexington, although it is still not clear who fired first. General Gage had sent 700 men from Boston to Concord to seize rebel arms. The British soldiers had been given permission to use force, if necessary, to control the population. When they reached Lexington, shots were fired and eight colonists were killed. The British destroyed the military stores at Concord and then turned back to Boston.
Source B
On the night of 18 April, hundreds of troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to capture a weapons reserve. When they arrived in Lexington, they came across militiamen gathered on the town green. They had just been ordered to disperse when a shot rang out. To this day, no one knows which side began the fighting. When the smoke cleared, eight militiamen were dead and nine were wounded.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the events which took place in Lexington and Concord.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The first shots of the war were fired at Lexington, although it is still not clear who fired first.
Source B: To this day, no one knows which side began the fighting.
agree
Source A: General Gage had sent 700 men from Boston to Concord to seize rebel arms.
Source B: On the night of 18 April, hundreds of troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to capture a weapons reserve.
agree
Source A: When they reached Lexington, shots were fired, and eight colonists were killed.
Source B: When the smoke cleared, eight militiamen were dead and nine were wounded.
Explain6 marks2022Q54โTea and Freedomโ: the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Explain the reasons why American colonial forces experienced difficulties at the beginning of the war.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the American colonists had to build a professional army, which was time consuming
states were slow to fulfil their troop quotas for the Continental Army, which resulted in shortages in the number of soldiers available
the American colonists remained 13 distinct states guarding their own interests, reluctant to fight in other states
the American colonists lacked unity which made coordination of troops and resources difficult
many recruits lacked military experience so struggled against a professional British Army
the American colonists suffered from shortages for example, fuel, food, firearms
most Native American tribes supported the British, causing American forces to be heavily outnumbered
the American colonists lacked a strong navy to challenge the Royal Navy moving British soldiers and supplies
How fully6 marks2022Q55(a)โTea and Freedomโ: the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
How fully does Source C describe the role of George Washington during the Wars of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the role of George Washington during the Wars of Independence.
George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner before the war began. After being made Commander in Chief, he forced the British to withdraw by placing artillery on Dorchester Heights in Boston. He planned a successful hit and run attack at Trenton in December 1776. Washington kept up the morale of his troops throughout the war. He commanded American and French troops at Yorktown in 1781 which resulted in a humiliating surrender for the British.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
After being made Commander in Chief, he forced the British to withdraw by placing artillery on Dorchester Heights in Boston. (Washington forced the British to withdraw from Boston.)
He planned a successful hit and run attack at Trenton in December 1776. (Washington had military success at Trenton.)
Washington kept up the morale of his troops throughout the war. (Washington encouraged and supported his troops.)
He commanded American and French troops at Yorktown in 1781 which resulted in a humiliating surrender for the British. (Washingtonโs command at Yorktown forced the British to surrender.)
Points of significant omission
Washington worked hard to keep the Continental Army alive despite severe shortages for example, Valley Forge
he trained and improved the quality of American soldiers
he demanded better treatment for American soldiers from the Continental Congress, helping to secure supplies of food and munitions
he used the army to protect colonists from British foraging parties
he contained British forces in New York, rather than attempting to take the city
he convinced Congress to grant a 5-year bonus for soldiers in March 1783, preventing a near-mutiny
How fully6 marks2022Q55(b)โTea and Freedomโ: the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
How fully does Source D describe the experience of the British army during the Wars of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the experience of the British army during the Wars of Independence.
Compared to American forces, the British army was a reliable steady force of professionals. The great majority of new British recruits became efficient soldiers as a result of sound training and strong discipline. British soldiers fought under officers who had little formal training. However, soldiers found that most officers were very experienced from fighting in Britainโs many wars, which American officers were not. That said, the British army was under the command of generals who tended to have a lack of imagination and initiative.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The great majority of new British recruits became efficient soldiers as a result of sound training and strong discipline. (British soldiers were well trained and so fought well.)
British soldiers fought under officers who had little formal training. (British officers tended not to have formal military training.)
Soldiers found that most officers were very experienced from fighting in Britainโs many wars. (Most officers had a lot of fighting experience.)
The British army was under the command of generals who tended to have a lack of imagination and initiative. (Generals tended not have good leadership skills.)
Points of significant omission
in some battles, the British were outnumbered by American forces
the British Army suffered from delays in orders from London
British uniforms were unsuitable for fighting in North America
British troops were not used to colonial guerrilla warfare
British soldiers carried smooth-bore muskets that took time to load
Describe4 marks2022Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Describe the successes of the League of Nations.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the League resettled 500,000 prisoners of war after World War I
the League assisted refugees, for example, set up camps, provided food, built farms and homes
Sweden and Finland accepted the League's arbitration to award the Aaland Islands to Finland
the League fought worldwide slavery, for example, slave trade in Africa and Burma, freed 200,000 enslaved people
the League tackled the illegal drugs trade, for example, blacklisting large German, Dutch, French and Swiss companies which were involved in the sale of illegal drugs
the League worked to prevent the spread of leprosy
the League improved health by starting a global campaign to exterminate mosquitoes and the spread of malaria
Greece complied with a request to withdraw from Bulgaria in 1925
To what extent9 marks2022Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
To what extent was Hitlerโs desire to overturn the Treaty of Versailles the main reason for the Nazi foreign policy, 1933โ1938?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Desire to overturn the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler was determined to unite all Germans in defiance of the Treaty
Hitler wanted to end the division of Germany caused by the Polish Corridor
German desire to get revenge for the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles
Desire for Lebensraum
more land would be needed to accommodate an ever growing population
land in the east would also provide raw materials
Nazi racism made them think it would be easy to defeat Slavs
Encouraged by Appeasement
Hitler came to believe he could break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles without being stopped
Appeasement reinforced Nazi beliefs about the weakness of democracies
Weaknesses of the League
the League was unable to stop Nazi aggression
attempted action in Abyssinia was ineffective and so encouraged Hitler
Domestic reasons
aggressive foreign policy distracted from failure to increase living standards
foreign policy successes increased the popularity of Hitler
Compare the views4 marks2022Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Munich Agreement.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Munich Agreement.
The French, British, Italians and Germans met at Munich in order to discuss the future of the disputed Sudetenland. Chamberlain was anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost. It was agreed that all areas with a population that was more than 50% German be turned over to Germany. Perhaps the most shameful aspect of the agreement was the failure to consult the Czechoslovaks.
Source B
At Munich Hitler was able to take advantage of the fact that the British were desperate to avoid another war. The Czechoslovakian government was not asked for its view and was forced to accept the loss of the Sudetenland. The agreement meant that all areas of Czechoslovakia with majority German populations would be handed over to Germany. Chamberlain believed he could trust Hitler and that he had secured peace in Europe.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a 2 mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the Munich Agreement.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Chamberlain was anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost.
Source B: At Munich Hitler was able to take advantage of the fact that the British were desperate to avoid another war.
agree
Source A: It was agreed that all areas with a population that was more than 50% German be turned over to Germany.
Source B: The agreement meant that all areas of Czechoslovakia with majority German populations would be handed over to Germany.
agree
Source A: Perhaps the most shameful aspect of the agreement was the failure to consult the Czechoslovaks.
Source B: The Czechoslovakian government was not asked for its view and was forced to accept the loss of the Sudetenland.
Explain6 marks2022Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Explain the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement up to 1938.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many British politicians believed that Germany had been treated harshly at Versailles
the British public were still haunted by memories of World War I and were unwilling to back military action
the Treasury warned against the financial consequences of war
belief that German action in the Rhineland was acceptable since this was German territory
Chiefs of the armed forces advised that that the British military was unprepared for war
British government reluctant to confront a rearmed Germany
by appeasing Hitler Britain bought itself time to rearm and strengthen the military
there was fear of war due to the likely destruction caused by bombing from the air
Britain had few reliable allies, for example, USA isolationist and France not trusted
Britain could not rely on backing from within the Empire
Britain wanted a stronger Germany to prevent Communist expansion
fear that war could hasten the collapse of the Empire
How fully6 marks2022Q85(a)Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
How fully does Source C describe the final steps to war from March 1939?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the final steps to war from March 1939.
In the years before 1939, Hitler had done much to challenge the Treaty of Versailles. On 15 March 1939, thousands of German troops marched into the Czechoslovakian capital of Prague. The day after entering Prague, Hitler declared Bohemia and Moravia as a โProtectorateโ of Germany. Then Ruthenia was given to Hungary. On 22 May Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini strengthened the ties between their two countries by signing an agreement which required them to help each other in time of war.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
On 15 March 1939, thousands of German troops marched into the Czechoslovakian capital of Prague. (In 1939, the Germans occupied Prague.)
The day after entering Prague, Hitler declared Bohemia and Moravia as a โProtectorateโ of Germany. (Germany declared Czechoslovakia to be part of Germany.)
Then Ruthenia was given to Hungary. (Part of Czechoslovakia was given to Hungary.)
On 22 May Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini strengthened the ties between their two countries by signing an agreement which required them to help each other in time of war. (Germany and Italy signed an alliance agreement in case of war.)
Points of significant omission
the British government gave Poland a guarantee to protect it from aggression
Hitler gave secret orders for the German army to prepare to invade Poland
Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
German forces attacked Poland
Britain/France issued ultimatums to Hitler to withdraw German forces from Poland or face war
How fully6 marks2022Q85(b)Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
How fully does Source D describe the British and French appeasement of Germany before 1938?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the British and French appeasement of Germany before 1938.
In March 1936 Hitler marched troops into the demilitarised Rhineland in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain condemned the breaking of the peace treaty but took no military action. The British also took no direct action in the Spanish Civil War to avoid possible conflict with Germany. The French were unwilling to act without the support of Britain but criticised Germany while reinforcing the Maginot Line. Britain and France reaffirmed the Locarno Treaty offering assurances to Belgium in the hope this would prevent a German invasion.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Britain condemned the breaking of the peace treaty, but took no military action. (Britain did nothing about German aggression.)
The British also took no direct action in the Spanish Civil War to avoid possible conflict with Germany. (Some sympathised with Germanyโs actions.)
The French were unwilling to act without the support of Britain but criticised Germany while reinforcing the Maginot Line. (The French were unwilling to act without Britain.)
Britain and France reaffirmed the Locarno Treaty offering assurances to Belgium in the hope this would prevent a German invasion. (Britain and France hoped to deter Germany by offering assurances to Belgium.)
Points of significant omission
Britain and France took no action after the failure of the disarmament talks
Anglo-German Naval Agreement allowing Germany to increase the number of warships and build U-boats
British delegations were sent to appease Hitler including Anthony Eden
Britain and France took no action following announcement of German conscription
Describe4 marks2022Q76Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Describe the experiences of immigrants in the USA during the 1920s.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
some new immigrants experienced a language barrier which made it difficult to find employment
lack of education often led to new immigrants having to accept low paying jobs
new immigrants were often disliked as they were frequently used by employers to break strikes
new immigrants were often poor so could only afford to rent houses in slum areas of the city
housing in which new immigrants lived in was often poorly maintained
some new immigrants lived in communities which consisted of people from their native country, for example, Little Italy
some immigrants enjoyed a greater freedom of religion in the USA
some immigrants enjoyed a higher standard of living in the USA
To what extent9 marks2022Q77Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
To what extent were the activities of the Ku Klux Klan the most important reason for the migration of black Americans to the North up to 1945?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Ku Klux Klan
the KKK would burn crosses outside the homes of black Americans in order to intimidate them
the KKK would kidnap and assault/murder black American who spoke out against them
in the South, the KKK had powerful members, including police, politicians and judges
Jim Crow Laws
the โSeparate but Equalโ decision of the Supreme Court made the Jim Crow laws
transport was segregated, for example, black Americans had to sit at the back of buses
Voting restrictions
some Southern states introduced qualifications which made it difficult for black Americans to register to vote
literacy tests were failed by most black Americans as they were marked by a white registrar
Attraction of the Northern cities
there were more employment opportunities in industrial factories in the Northern States
it was believed that the Northern cities had better housing conditions
Compare the views4 marks2022Q78Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the experience of black Americans during World War Two.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the experience of black Americans during World War Two.
For many Americans, the war changed little but for others it made a dramatic difference. The โDouble Vโ campaign demanded victory for democracy at home as well as abroad, which was popular amongst black servicemen. Philip Randolph used the March on Washington Movement to secure a Presidential order to end segregation in the war industries. In the military, black Americans were given more opportunities such as the flight programme training pilots at Tuskegee, Alabama.
Source B
Almost as soon as America entered the war in 1941, the war effort required changes to military recruitment and training. The outbreak of war provided opportunities for black Americans to train as military pilots for the first time. President Roosevelt was pressured to issue an Executive order to prohibit discrimination in defence industries. Additionally, black soldiers supported the โDouble Vโ campaign as they fought to defeat Nazi Germany but also demanded civil rights at home.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the experiences of black Americans during World War Two.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The โDouble Vโ campaign demanded victory for democracy at home as well as abroad, which was popular amongst black servicemen.
Source B: Additionally, black soldiers supported the โDouble Vโ campaign as they fought to defeat Nazi Germany but also demanded civil rights at home.
agree
Source A: Philip Randolph used the March on Washington Movement to secure a Presidential order to end segregation in the war industries.
Source B: President Roosevelt was pressured to issue an Executive order to prohibit discrimination in defence industries.
agree
Source A: In the military, black Americans were given more opportunities such as the flight programme training pilots at Tuskegee, Alabama.
Source B: The outbreak of war provided opportunities for black Americans to train as military pilots for the first time.
Explain6 marks2022Q79Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Explain the reasons why the Montgomery Bus Boycott was important in the campaigns for civil rights.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
protesters were united over the year-long protest showing the power of their collective action
the bus boycott illustrated that non-violence was an effective protest method against the segregation laws
the boycott broke no laws which made it difficult for Southern whites, the police or state government to challenge the protests
the success of the protest inspired the NAACP and other civil rights groups to adopt non-violent methods for future protests
the bus boycott highlighted the power of the black community, since they made up 60 - 70% of the bus passengers
the success of the boycott illustrated that putting economic pressure on private companies could lead to changes to segregation laws
the boycott pushed Martin Luther King Jr to the forefront of civil rights as an effective leader
the TV image of King and protestors was non-threatening which led to some white people supporting black protests
How fully6 marks2022Q80(a)Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
How fully does Source C describe the activities of the Black Panthers?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the activities of the Black Panthers.
The Black Panthers stand out as perhaps the most controversial organisation of the black civil rights movement. They set up projects for black American communities which included its free ambulance programme. The Black Panthers had other welfare programmes, such as shoe distribution in ghetto areas. They also helped provide free transportation for black Americans to visit relatives in prison. On the other hand, the Black Panthers had many critics. What is remembered most about them is that Black Panthers on patrol would openly carry loaded weapons.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
They set up projects for black American communities which included its free ambulance programme. (Black Panthers set up community support programmes.)
The Black Panthers had other welfare programmes, such as shoe distribution in ghetto areas. (Black Panthers operated welfare programmes in poor areas.)
They also helped provide free transportation for black Americans to visit relatives in prison. (Panthers operated transport programmes to help with prison visits.)
What is remembered most about them is that Black Panthers on patrol would openly carry loaded weapons. (Panthers carried weapons on patrol.)
Points of significant omission
the Black Panthers helped to protect the rights of Black Americans from police brutality, for example, carried law books, cameras and tape recorders
the Black Panthers distributed free clothing to those in need in the ghettos
they set up free health clinics for black Americans
they set up a free breakfast programme to feed needy black children
How fully6 marks2022Q80(b)Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
How fully does Source D describe the Freedom Rides?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the Freedom Rides.
The Freedom Rides took place at a time when Southern black people still suffered from segregation. The Riders travelled on buses through the American South using facilities such as lunch counters which were supposed to be white-only. Before starting, the Riders completed a few days of training on how to respond to any harassment. Hundreds of protesters were arrested during the campaign. The first Freedom Riders were unable to finish their journey by bus, so flew to New Orleans instead.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Riders travelled on buses through the American South using facilities such as lunch counters which were supposed to be white-only. (Freedom Riders protested at lunch counters.)
Before starting, the Riders completed a few days of training on how to respond to any harassment. (Riders had harassment training before stating their Rides.)
Hundreds of protesters were arrested during the campaign. (Riders were often arrested on their protests.)
The first Freedom Riders were unable to finish their journey by bus, so flew to New Orleans instead. (The first Freedom Riders were unable to complete their bus journey.)
Points of significant omission
Freedom Rides also included white riders who used facilities designated for blacks
some buses carrying Freedom Riders were firebombed
members of the Ku Klux Klan sometimes boarded buses and attacked Freedom Riders
some Riders had to be taken to hospital due to their injuries
many Freedom Riders were sent to prison for crimes such as breach of the peace
there was huge media coverage of the Freedom Rides
Describe4 marks2022Q61Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Describe the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
To what extent9 marks2022Q62Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
To what extent was discontent against the Weimar Republic the most important reason for the rise to power of the Nazis up to January 1933?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Discontent against the Weimar Republic
Weimar was blamed for defeat in the war
resentment that Weimar accepted the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
lack of popular support for the new form of democratic government after 1918
coalition governments didnโt seem to govern effectively
dissatisfaction with failure to solve Weimarโs early economic problems
lost support due to the mishandling of the economic problems of the Great Depression
Appeal of the Nazis
promises by the Nazis, for example, to restore German pride, give people jobs, destroy Treaty of Versailles
Nazi propaganda made the Party stand out from all other parties, for example, Swastika, smart brown uniforms, cinema, radio
the Nazis gave the German people a scapegoat for all their problems in the Jews and Communists
Fear of Communism
many thought only Hitler and the Nazis could stop the Communists
Hitlerโs leadership
Hitler was a compelling and charismatic speaker
Hitler was perceived as a dynamic leader, who campaigned using modern methods, for example, used an aeroplane to campaign
Compare the views4 marks2022Q63Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the importance of the Reichstag fire, 1933.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the importance of the Reichstag fire, 1933.
On 27 February the Reichstag building caught fire. The Reichstag fire helped to boost Nazi popularity among the German public. This crime was blamed on the Communists and Hitler was able to take very tough action against them. The day after the fire President Hindenburg signed the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State, which gave many new powers to the Nazi Government.
Source B
The Reichstag fire helped the Nazis to increase their share of votes and seats in the election of March 1933. A Dutch Communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, was quickly identified as the man responsible. However, some people claimed that the Nazis had set the fire themselves. The so-called Reichstag fire law moved Germany ever closer to dictatorship by allowing the Nazis to censor newspapers and limit meetings.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the importance of the Reichstag fire.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The Reichstag fire helped to boost Nazi popularity among the German public.
Source B: The Reichstag fire helped the Nazis to increase their share of votes and seats in the election of March 1933.
agree
Source A: This crime was blamed on the Communists.
Source B: A Dutch Communist, Marinus van der Lubbe, was quickly identified as the man responsible.
agree
Source A: The day after the fire President Hindenburg signed the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State, which gave many new powers to the Nazi Government.
Source B: The so-called Reichstag fire law moved Germany ever closer to dictatorship by allowing the Nazis to censor newspapers and limit meetings.
Explain6 marks2022Q64Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Explain the reasons why many Germans did not oppose the Nazis, 1933โ1939.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many Germans credited the Nazis with resolving economic problems
Hitler was viewed as a great leader who had restored German pride
political opposition was difficult after the banning of other political parties
people worried they could be arrested by the Gestapo
press censorship made it difficult for Germans to read any criticism of Hitler or the Nazis
the Night of the Long Knives showed the deadly consequences of opposition
Nazi propaganda helped maintain support for the regime
many Germans supported Nazi policies, for example, harsh treatment of minority groups
How fully6 marks2022Q65(a)Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
How fully does Source C describe the Nuremberg rallies?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the Nuremberg rallies.
Nuremberg is the second largest city in the state of Bavaria. The Nuremberg rallies were usually held in late August or early September and lasted several days. They were designed by Albert Speer who used lighting to create an effect similar to todayโs pop concerts. Music by the great German composer Wagner was played. Torchlit processions at night created an amazing spectacle. The city of Nuremberg was used for the trials of Nazi war criminals after the Second World War.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Nuremberg rallies were usually held in late August or early September and lasted several days. (Rallies were usually held in August/September lasting several days.)
They were designed by Albert Speer who used lighting to create an effect similar to todayโs pop concerts. (The rallies were designed by Albert Speer using modern lighting techniques.)
Music by the great German composer Wagner was played. (Music by Wagner was played at the rallies.)
Torchlit processions at night created an amazing spectacle. (Rallies featured spectacular torchlit processions.)
Points of significant omission
Hitler made a speech each year
hundreds of thousands of party members/spectators attended
Nazi brownshirts marched in formation at the rallies
Nazi symbols were displayed prominently
members of Hitler youth groups attended
rallies were filmed and later shown in cinemas all over Germany
How fully6 marks2022Q65(b)Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
How fully does Source D describe the treatment of Jews and other minority groups?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the treatment of Jews and other minority groups.
The 1930s were a nightmare time for Germans who were Jews and other minority groups. Jews were hounded from their jobs, businesses and homes. Anti-semitism had always been part of the Nazi programme but once in power they stepped up their activities. Crude racial propaganda presented Jews as a threat to the pure German nation. Soon, Jews were being banned from social clubs and schools. Some religious leaders tried to speak up for minority groups. Bishop Galen attacked the Nazis for killing patients in clinics and homes for the mentally ill.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Jews were hounded from their jobs, businesses and homes. (Shows that Jewish people lost their livelihoods and houses.)
Crude racial propaganda presented Jews as a threat to the pure German nation. (Shows that the Nazis scapegoated the Jewish people.)
Soon, Jews were being banned from social clubs and schools. (Shows that Jewish people were excluded from normal life.)
Bishop Galen attacked the Nazis for killing patients in clinics and homes for the mentally ill. (Shows that the Nazis killed vulnerable people.)
Points of significant omission
the Nazis organised boycotts of Jewish shops
Jews were beaten up on streets
Nazi violence and destruction on โKristallnachtโ, 1938
the Nuremburg Laws were passed in 1935 for example, discriminating against Jews, Roma, Sinti
religious groups like the Jehovahโs Witnesses were offered forced conversions to mainstream Christianity
Describe4 marks2022Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919โ1939
Describe Mussoliniโs seizure of power up to 1925.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Mussolini was elected to Parliament in 1921
Fascists โMarched on Romeโ
Mussolini appointed as Prime Minister by the King
Acerbo Law used to secure Fascist parliamentary majority
removal of opponents from civil service
disruption of political meetings of the opposition
press intimidated if speaking against the fascists
To what extent9 marks2022Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919โ1939
How successful were Mussoliniโs economic policies?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Control of Trade
Labour Charter โ supported the employers not the workers
advisory corporations set up covering nearly every aspect of industry
self-sufficiency not achieved as large imports of oil, coal and iron ore were still required
Agriculture
battle for the Land to clear marshland for farms created thousands of jobs, for example, Pontine Marshes
limited amount of land reclaimed
Battle for Grain was a success for farmers as they had a guaranteed price for their crop
Battle for Grain was a failure for the poor as they could not afford bread
Battle for the Lira
Mussolini raised the value of the Lira increasing the price of exports which led to firms not being able to sell goods
high tariffs put on foreign imports was not good for Italian consumers
Public Works
public work schemes introduced which helped combat the impact of the Depression, for example, motorways and hydroelectric plants
construction of public monuments did little to improve the economy
Trade Unions
outlawing of Socialist and Catholic trade unions by the Vidoni Palace Pact reduced industrial disputes making the economy more productive
Compare the views4 marks2022Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the aims of Mussoliniโs youth policies.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the aims of Mussoliniโs youth policies.
Mussolini prioritised the young in his policies because his aim was to create a nation of fascists. The Fascist youth organisations were taken over by the Education Ministry in 1929. Schools and the youth organisations looked to prepare young people for war through sports in the curriculum and after-school activities. A central aim of youth organisations was to promote unwavering loyalty and love for Benito Mussolini.
Source B
From 1928 the youth organisation Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was compulsory for those Italians who wished to join the Fascist party in adulthood. The ONB prioritised love of Il Duce through songs which included lines such as โSwear loyalty to Mussoliniโ. The school curriculum had an emphasis on sport in order to build up a potential army. Ultimately the youth policies were intended to indoctrinate the young to become fascists.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the aims of Mussoliniโs youth policies.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Mussolini prioritised the young in his policies because his aim was to create a nation of fascists.
Source B: Ultimately the youth policies were intended to indoctrinate the young to become fascists.
agree
Source A: Schools and the youth organisations looked to prepare young people for war through sports in the curriculum and after-school activities.
Source B: The school curriculum had an emphasis on sport in order to build up a potential army.
agree
Source A: A central aim of youth organisations was to promote unwavering loyalty and love for Benito Mussolini.
Source B: The ONB prioritised love of Il Duce through songs which included lines such as โSwear loyalty to Mussoliniโ.
Explain6 marks2022Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919โ1939
Explain the reasons why Mussolini became involved in the Spanish Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
to help spread Fascism throughout Europe
to consolidate an alliance with Spain which would be geographically important in a future conflict with France
Franco would allow Italian military bases in Spain if a war with France was to break out
Mussolini had become overambitious after the victory in Abyssinia
How fully6 marks2022Q75(a)Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919โ1939
How fully does Source C describe how Mussolini crushed opposition in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes how Mussolini crushed opposition in Fascist Italy.
Italy remained a monarchy but Mussolini held real power and took action against opposition. By the end of 1925 only the Fascist Party was allowed to operate by law, all other political parties were banned in Italy. Not only were political parties banned but the Lateran Agreements neutralised opposition from the Church as well. In addition, 400 people were killed by the State for political reasons. Many opponents were forced into exile on Italian islands such as Lipari and Lampedusa.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
By the end of 1925 only the Fascist Party was allowed to operate by law, all other political parties were banned in Italy. (Only the Fascist Party was allowed to exist.)
Not only were political parties banned but the Lateran Agreements neutralised opposition from the Church as well. (The Lateran Agreements ensured that there was not opposition from the Catholic Church.)
In addition, 400 people were killed by the State for political reasons. (Opponents of the State were killed.)
Many opponents were forced into exile on Italian islands such as Lipari and Lampedusa. (Many opponents were sent to internal exile.)
Points of significant omission
some opponents were sent to concentration camps
censorship was introduced
anti-fascist propaganda was viewed as treason
the secret police spied on people
the Blackshirts were used to terrorise anyone not supporting the Fascists
How fully6 marks2022Q75(b)Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919โ1939
How fully does Source D describe the conflict in Abyssinia?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the conflict in Abyssinia.
Italy and Abyssinia once had an amicable relationship, with Italy proposing Abyssinia to the League of Nations in 1923. However, by December 1934 Italian and Abyssinian forces clashed at the Wal Wal oasis. From February of the following year, Italy started to send extra troops to Italian East Africa. Mussolini launched the full invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 and had captured Adowa by 6 October. The Abyssinians were not equipped for modern warfare and the Italians won the war after seven months of fighting.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
However, by December 1934 Italian and Abyssinian forces clashed at the Wal Wal oasis. (A clash at Wal Wal caused tension.)
From February of the following year, Italy started to send extra troops to Italian East Africa. (Italians escalated their troops in Italian East Africa.)
Mussolini launched the full invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 and had captured Adowa by 6 October. (Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935.)
The Abyssinians were not equipped for modern warfare and the Italians won the war after seven months of fighting. (The Italians won the war quickly.)
Points of significant omission
the Italians were aided by the British and French desire to avoid conflict
the Italians used mustard gas on Abyssinian villages
Mussolini ordered the killing of ten Abyssinians for each Italian casualty
the Italians used machine guns and aircraft
Eritreans from Italyโs first colony did a lot of the fighting for the Italians
Describe4 marks2022Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Describe the methods used by the Tsarist government to control Russia before 1905.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Tsar was an autocrat so nobody was able to challenge his authority
the Okhrana (Secret Police) was used to identify and spy on enemies of the state
political opponents routinely imprisoned or exiled
the army was used to enforce the Tsarโs power
the Russian Orthodox Church reinforced the Tsarโs authority
the Russian legal system was designed to maintain autocracy and the power of the Tsar
the Civil Service was used by the Tsar to control everyday life, for example, censorship
To what extent9 marks2022Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
How important was Bloody Sunday as a reason for the 1905 Revolution?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Bloody Sunday
Russian troops fired on an unarmed and peaceful crowd led by Father Gapon
strikes broke out in all major towns and cities
Tsar blamed for the massacre and many Russians held him responsible
Opposition to Tsar Nicholas II
Tsarist autocratic rule caused growing unhappiness among the middle class who preferred a constitutionally elected government
political challenges from organised opposition groups such as the Kadets, Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats
Tsar Nicholas II was seen as being too weak and unable to make good decisions for Russia in a crisis
national minorities hated the policy of Russification as it repressed their language, customs and religion
Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War
defeats by Japan were humiliating for Russia and led to widespread discontent
defeat in the war increased discontent in Russia over the Tsarโs leadership
Potemkin naval mutiny in the Black Sea fleet over poor conditions and incompetent leadership threatened to spread and weakened support for the Tsar
the government was accused of providing inadequate supplies and equipment to Russiaโs armed forces, for example, Lake Baikal bottleneck on the Trans-Siberian Railway
increased discontent in the Russian armed forces because of successive defeats, for example, Tsushima Strait
Compare the views4 marks2022Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Stolypinโs reforms.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Stolypinโs reforms.
One of the great ideas behind the Stolypin reforms was to find a way to modernise Russian agriculture. In November 1905, redemption payments had been abolished. Stolypin also extended the Peasantsโ Land Bank, whereby peasants would be given loans to buy land. Moreover, the Stolypin reforms increased the number of schools in Russia, particularly in the countryside. Russiaโs peasants generally responded well to these reforms.
Source B
Stolypin was concerned that revolution was a serious threat in Russia and so proposed his reforms to avoid this. In addition, redemption payments for peasants were stopped. Stolypin also wished for more peasants to read, so he built around 50,000 more schools. Similarly, Stolypin also improved the Peasant Land Bank which gave individual farmers loans so that they could buy their own land.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about Stolypinโs reforms.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: In November 1905, redemption payments had been abolished.
Source B: In addition, redemption payments for peasants were stopped.
agree
Source A: Stolypin also extended the Peasantsโ Land Bank, whereby peasants would be given loans to buy land.
Source B: Similarly, Stolypin also improved the peasant land bank which gave individual farmers loans so that they could buy their own land.
agree
Source A: Moreover, the Stolypin reforms increased the number of schools in Russia, particularly in the countryside.
Source B: Stolypin also wished for more peasants to read, so he built around 50,000 more schools.
Explain6 marks2022Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Explain the reasons why Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in 1917.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Tsar decided to take personal control of the army during the First World War so was held responsible for defeats
many Russians resented that the Tsar had left the Tsarina in charge because they thought she was a German spy
the Tsarina allowed Rasputin to influence her decision making which discredited the Tsarist government
heavy losses demoralised the army and soldiers became reluctant to fight for the Tsar
continued shortage of weapons and ammunition during First World War further discredited the Tsarโs leadership
Generals lost faith in the Tsar and encouraged him to abdicate
war effort devastated the economy and the Tsar was blamed for this
shortages and poor working conditions led to great discontent and many Russians blamed the Tsar for this
the Tsar no longer had the support of the middle classes
Tsar tried to return to Petrograd but the train was stopped and he had no choice but to abdicate
How fully6 marks2022Q70(a)Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
How fully does Source C describe the strengths of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the strengths of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
The Civil War lasted three years and caused great distress across the nation. The Reds controlled the central areas where the war was fought. They could also make better use of the railways, based around Moscow and Petrograd. The Bolshevik secret police, known as the Cheka, hunted down and executed any potential opposition to the Red Army. The Red Army was well supplied with food because of the Food Dictatorship. All of these measures ensured the success of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Reds controlled the central areas where the war was fought. (The Red Army benefitted from control of the centre.)
They could also make better use of the railways, based around Moscow and Petrograd. (The Red Army used the railway system around Moscow and Petrograd.)
The Bolshevik secret police, known as the Cheka, hunted down and executed any potential opposition to the Red Army. (The secret police eliminated opposition to the Red Army.)
The Red Army was well supplied with food because of the Food Dictatorship. (The Red Army had good food supplies for fighting.)
Points of significant omission
Red Army used experienced ex-Tsarist officers effectively
Trotsky provided strong leadership using his armoured train
Red Army discipline was effective (ruthlessness in dealing with desertion whilst promoting those with ability)
conscription for the Red Army ensured they outnumbered the Whites
Red Army was better motivated because Communist ideas offered them a better future
How fully6 marks2022Q70(b)Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
How fully does Source D describe the problems facing the Provisional Government?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the problems facing the Provisional Government.
The Provisional Governmentโs authority was challenged by the system of Dual Power and the power of the Petrograd Soviet. Part of their problem was that the Provisional Government lacked political support as there had not been an election. The Provisional Government did enjoy a โhoneymoonโ period when many Russians viewed it favourably, especially when it pursued anti-Tsarist policies. However, soon economic problems resulted in many calling for a change of government. These problems were most visible in terms of the lack of food and fuel in the cities.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Provisional Government was challenged by the system of Dual Power and the power of the Petrograd Soviet. (The Provisional Government had rivals to its authority.)
Part of their problem was that the Provisional Government lacked political support as there had not been an election. (The people had not voted for the Provisional Government, affecting its authority.)
However, soon economic problems resulted in many calling for a change of government. (Continued economic problems affected support for the Provisional Government.)
These problems were most visible in terms of the lack of food and fuel in the cities. (Lack of food and fuel in the cities affected support for the Provisional Government.)
Points of significant omission
problems due to continuing the War
The Summer offensive in 1917 was a disaster
the government could not solve the problem of land distribution
the Provisional Government were challenged by the Bolsheviks
Kerensky was challenged by the schemes of opponents such as Kornilov
The Provisional Government has access to only a limited transport network
Describe what happened during the Korean War, 1950โ1953.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
North Korean troops invaded South Korea in June 1950
North Korea received military support from China and the USSR
the United Nations sent troops to help South Korea
both sides gained and lost control of Seoul at different stages of the war
the Battle of Inchon involved UN forces defeating the North Korean army after the UN had launched an amphibious invasion
more than 500,000 soldiers were killed during the conflict
up to 3 million civilians were killed during the war
the two sides agreed an armistice in July 1953 (for example, Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel between north and south)
To what extent9 marks2022Q92The Cold War, 1945โ1989
To what extent were concerns about population loss the main reason for the building of the Berlin Wall?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Population loss
desire to curtail huge numbers of East Germans moving west, for example, between 1949 and 1961, up to 3 million left
prevent younger East Berliners from moving to West Berlin
too many skilled East Germans left, for example, scientists
stop East Germans going to West Berlin before travelling out of Germany to other Western countries
Western spies
East German government claimed that Western spies used Berlin to get into East Germany and Eastern Europe
wanted to stop East Berliners from spying on behalf of Western countries
desire to stop acts of sabotage by Western spies in East Berlin
Protect and defend Communism
East German government claimed the wall stopped Western ideology spreading across East Germany, for example, wall was called โanti-fascist bulwarkโ
Soviets didnโt want the embarrassment of people appearing to choose Capitalism over Communism
Attitudes towards the West
East Germans resented Western control of parts of Berlin
wanted to secure official recognition of East Germany by the West
growing concerns in East Germany and the USSR at the increasing military strength of West Germany (such as joining NATO)
Compare the views4 marks2022Q93The Cold War, 1945โ1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about domestic pressures on US President Kennedy.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about domestic pressures on US President Kennedy.
After becoming American President in January 1960, John F. Kennedy faced many significant problems. Many senators pushed him to reduce the advantage that the USSR seemed to have in the space race. Other issues affected his government too. The growing civil rights campaign urged him to take action to tackle prejudice against black people. Other Americans lived in poverty and pressed Kennedy to try to end unemployment.
Source B
US President John F. Kennedy is now remembered as a successful leader. He became President during an economic crisis and faced demands to create jobs. In addition, Soviet success in sending Yuri Gagarin into outer space scared politicians who wanted action to improve their space programme. Kennedy also struggled with pleas to stop the racism that many Americans suffered from each day. The President appointed various people to support him, including his brother, Robert.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about domestic pressures on US President Kennedy.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Many senators pushed him to reduce the advantage that the USSR seemed to have in the space race.
Source B: In addition, Soviet success in sending Yuri Gagarin into outer space scared politicians who wanted action to improve their space programme.
agree
Source A: The growing civil rights campaign urged him to take action to tackle prejudice against black people.
Source B: Kennedy also struggled with pleas to stop the racism that many Americans suffered from each day.
agree
Source A: Other Americans lived in poverty and pressed Kennedy to try to end unemployment.
Source B: He became President during an economic crisis and faced demands to create jobs.
Explain the reasons why many Americans changed their views on the Vietnam War.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
some Americans were pacifists and opposed all wars
many Americans were angry at the number of US soldiers being killed
some Americans disliked the high financial cost of war, for example, President Johnson asked Congress to raise taxes to pay for war costs
other Americans worried about environmental damage being done by chemical weapons, for example, Agent Orange and napalm
many Americans were outraged when they heard about atrocities committed by US soldiers, for example, My Lai
some civil rights campaigners believed that too many black people were being sent to fight in the war
many American soldiers believed it was impossible to defeat a guerrilla enemy
TV coverage showed the horrors of war, increasing public opposition
some Americans did not want to be forced to fight in Vietnam as part of โthe draftโ
many Americans believed that โthe draftโ was unfair towards poor people, for example, men with a college place could defer being drafted
How fully6 marks2022Q95(a)The Cold War, 1945โ1989
How fully does Source C describe attempts at dรฉtente between the superpowers after 1968?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes attempts at dรฉtente between the superpowers after 1968.
Rising military costs helped push the USA and USSR to improve relations. Richard Nixon made history when he became the first American President to travel to Moscow. Partly as a result of this meeting, the two countries agreed actions to limit their submarine-launched missiles. One significant development was the normalisation of relations between the two superpowers through trade agreements. The USA also sought to improve their links with China through the famous โPing Pongโ diplomacy exchange of table tennis players. Dรฉtente ended after 1979.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Richard Nixon made history when he became the first American President to travel to Moscow. (Nixon was the first President to visit Moscow for talks.)
Partly as a result of this meeting, the two countries agreed actions to limit their submarine-launched missiles. (An agreement was made to limit the number of submarine based missiles.)
One significant development was the normalisation of relations between the two superpowers through trade agreements. (Trade agreements were used to normalise relations.)
The USA also sought to improve their links with China through the famous โPing Pongโ diplomacy exchange of table tennis players. (Ping Pong was used by the USA to improve diplomatic relations with China.)
Points of significant omission
the joint space programme, for example, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
attempts to limit nuclear weapons, for example, SALT agreement
USA tried to show goodwill by promising to respect Eastern European borders
Soviet Union committed to improving human rights in the Eastern Bloc
Soviet Premier Brezhnev travelled to Washington for another summit
agreement to not develop or use biological weapons
How fully6 marks2022Q95(b)The Cold War, 1945โ1989
How fully does Source D describe the military tactics used by the USA during their involvement in the Vietnam War?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the military tactics used by the USA during their involvement in the Vietnam War.
After the French withdrawal from Vietnam, the USA became more directly involved. At first the US sent military advisors, whose job it was to oversee the South Vietnamese use of American weaponry. America also tried strategic hamlets, moving South Vietnamese peasants to protected villages. Later President Johnson ordered a major bombing campaign of North Vietnamese military targets. President Nixon followed a plan of Vietnamisation, training South Vietnam forces whilst reducing American forces. The USA saw the conflict in simple terms: America stood for freedom, whilst the Communists wanted tyranny.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
At first the US sent military advisors, whose job it was to oversee the South Vietnamese use of American weaponry. (The US sent military advisors to train South Vietnamese troops.)
America also tried strategic hamlets, moving South Vietnamese peasants to protected villages. (US used the tactic of strategic hamlets for South Vietnamese peasants.)
Later President Johnson ordered a major bombing campaign of North Vietnam military targets. (US heavily bombed North Vietnam.)
President Nixon followed a plan of Vietnamisation, training South Vietnam forces whilst reducing American forces. (Nixon implemented the reduction of US troops and Vietnamisation of fighting.)
Points of significant omission
the USA sent combat troops whose job it was to directly fight in the conflict
chemical weapons (such as napalm and Agent Orange) were used to destroy the jungle where Vietcong fighters hid
search and destroy missions aimed to kill any Vietcong found in villages
helicopters were used to transport troops and also in combat operations
Operation Phoenix involved the CIA capturing and killing Vietnamese people, including members of the Vietcong
USA began to spread military operations to Cambodia to cut supplies from North Vietnam to the south
Describe4 marks2022Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Describe a knightโs weapons and equipment.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
heavily armoured, for example, helmet and chainmail skirt
Knights wore a padded jacket, or jerkin
a shield, for example, round or kite, made of wood or metal
To what extent9 marks2022Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
To what extent was religion the main reason why Pope Urban II called the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Religion
the Pope stated that it was a holy duty to protect Christians in the East
wanted to protect Christian churches and shrines that had been damaged and/or destroyed
wanted to re-open and/or secure pilgrim routes to Jerusalem
the Pope wanted to direct the violence of European knights against Muslims rather than other Christians
Economic
desire to re-open trade routes with the East and increase money from trading
Crusade would allow money to be made from pilgrims, increasing wealth, for example, for the Church and nobility
Politics
wanted to unite the Christian Churches behind a popular Crusade
Pope wanted to increase his own power
Pope wanted to demonstrate power of the Christian Church to other European rulers, for example, Holy Roman Emperor
Threat of Islam
wanted to stop the spread of Islam into Europe, for example, Muslims already conquered parts of Spain
Byzantium had recently requested military aid from the West to halt the spread of Islam
Compare the views4 marks2022Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
There remains a lively debate as to why the Crusaders were able to win the First Crusade and recapture Jerusalem. The Muslim side was disadvantaged by significant religious and political divisions, making their efforts to resist the Crusaders less effective. However, that does not tell the whole story. The Crusaders also showed effective military planning and used their supplies well. They also benefited from very effective naval support.
Source B
The Crusaders enjoyed powerful support from the sea, which they used to help them win battles along the coast. They also managed to keep their supply lines open allowing them to be generally well supplied. However, it was not only the strength of the Crusaders that would help them win the First Crusade. There were significant divisions within the Muslim forces that made their military efforts to resist the Crusaders less successful.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The Muslim side was disadvantaged by significant religious and political division.
Source B: There were significant divisions within the Muslim forces that made their military efforts to resist the Crusaders less successful.
agree
Source A: The Crusaders also showed effective military planning and used their supplies well.
Source B: They also managed to keep their supply lines open allowing them to be generally well supplied.
agree
Source A: They also benefited from very effective naval support.
Source B: The Crusaders enjoyed powerful support from the sea, which they would use to help them win battles along the coast.
Explain6 marks2022Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Explain the reasons why the Crusaders faced problems after the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Crusader army was so small that it was difficult to defend the land that had been captured
the Crusaders were constantly attacked by Muslims, costing men and supplies
the Crusader states were far apart from each other and so they were difficult to defend and/or supply
the land was infertile, so it was hard to grow crops
there was a lack of peasants to farm the land
there was a lack of important materials, for example, wood to build siege engines
the Crusaders did not have enough ships so could not capture coastal towns
the Crusaders were divided and so were not united against the Muslims
How fully6 marks2022Q50(a)The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
How fully does Source C describe the role of Richard I in the Third Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the role of Richard I in the Third Crusade.
Richard arrived with an effective fighting force that resupplied the Crusaders and enabled them to attack the city of Acre. His arrival resulted in great celebration from the other Crusaders. The tight naval blockade put in place by Richardโs Crusaders was successful and the people of Acre began to starve. Richard ordered the Crusaders to dig trenches around the city so that there was no hope of Saladin driving them away. Thanks to Richardโs leadership, Acre fell soon after his arrival.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Richard arrived with an effective fighting force that resupplied the Crusaders and enabled them to attack the city of Acre. (Richard led a force that allowed the Crusaders to attack Acre.)
The tight naval blockade put in place by Richardโs Crusaders was successful and the people of Acre began to starve. (Richard put in place an effective naval blockade of Acre.)
Richard ordered the Crusaders to dig trenches around the city so that there was no hope of Saladin driving them away. (Richard used tactics to maintain the siege at Acre.)
Thanks to Richardโs leadership, Acre fell soon after his arrival. (Richardโs leadership led to the capture of Acre.)
Points of significant omission
Richard led the English contingent in the Third Crusade
Richard raised large sums of money to finance the Crusade
Richard quarrelled with other military leaders
Richard showed effective military leadership, for example, when picking the right time to attack at Arsuf
Richard was a skilled and/or tough warrior, and even took part in battles when he was wounded and/or ill
How fully6 marks2022Q50(b)The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
How fully does Source D describe Saladinโs unification of the Muslims?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes Saladinโs unification of the Muslims.
Saladinโs ability to unify the Muslim world in resistance to the Frankish invaders has been an area of focus for historians. Saladin was ruthless in the way he used military conquest to build alliances between Muslim lords. Unlike the Crusaders, when Saladin conquered a Muslim region he respected local interests and allowed them to keep some traditions. He was then able to proclaim himself as leader of the military struggle against the infidels. The unification of Muslims in the 12th century has also been linked to a Muslim religious revival.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Saladin was ruthless in the way he used military conquest to build alliances between Muslim lords. (Saladin used his military victories to unite Muslims.)
When Saladin conquered a Muslim region he respected local interests and allowed them to keep some traditions. (Saladin allowed some local decision making in captured Muslim areas.)
He was then able to proclaim himself as leader of the military struggle against the infidels. (Saladin appointed himself leader of the military struggle against Crusaders.)
The unification of Muslims in the 12th century has also been linked to a Muslim religious revival. (Saladinโs unification of Muslims also included a renewed interest in the Muslim faith.)
Points of significant omission
Saladin used their common enemy, the Crusaders, to unite the Muslim lords
Saladin was in a position to unite Muslims thanks to a series of deaths allowing him to establish his own power
his victory in battle proved to Muslims that Saladin was an effective military commander
Saladin was a skilled diplomat and established pacts with other Muslim lords
Saladin used bullying and bribery to convince reluctant lords to side with him
Describe the problems for settlers travelling West after 1850.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
wagons could be damaged, for example, canvas torn or wheels broken
wagons could be swept away during river crossings
poor weather conditions slowed journeys, for example, blizzards and sandstorms
Native Americans could attack settlers
animal attacks could be fatal, for example, snake bites or stampeding buffalo
lack of doctors meant that illnesses such as cholera could be fatal
wagon trains could be easily lost causing delays to the journey
settlers could run out of supplies of food and/or water
How important was the election of Abraham Lincoln as a cause of the American Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Abraham Lincoln
rise of the Republican Party was seen as representing Northern interests which upset the South
Lincoln was elected President in 1860 and the South feared he would abolish slavery
Lincoln re-supplied Fort Sumter, in response Confederate troops opened fire
Territorial expansion
Kansas โ Nebraska Act meant that states could choose if they were free/slave which delighted the south and angered the North causing tension
Secession by Southern states
growing anger in the South over failure in the North to respect individual statesโ rights
Southern states left the union after Lincolnโs election as they believed they would not be fairly treated
soon after Lincolnโs election, South Carolina seceded and were quickly followed by others which angered the North
Slavery
the southern economy depended on slavery and so they were anxious about the North trying to get rid of it
the North disliked slavery as it didnโt suit their economy
abolitionists caused tension and made the South even more suspicious, for example, the raid on Harpers Ferry
Compare the views of Sources A and B about slave life on Southern plantations before the outbreak of the American Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about slave life on Southern plantations before the outbreak of the American Civil War.
Work in the sugar fields was extremely hard, especially when the crop was being harvested. The best slaves were usually bought between the ages of 15โ20. Their diet was inadequate and at times even basic food was in short supply. Slaves were punished in a variety of ways such as being shifted to other parts of the country or even sold to a different owner.
Source B
Slave work varied enormously depending on the crop. Sugar was grown in many plantations because it was very profitable. Sugar made the harshest of demands: six months of heavy harvesting and gathering in hot tropical weather. Slaves everywhere faced the possibility of having their family lives disrupted by removal to another plantation. Slaves were given little to eat which was barely enough to keep them from hunger.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about slave life on Southern plantations.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Work in the sugar fields was extremely hard, especially when the crop was being harvested.
Source B: Sugar made the harshest of demands: six months of heavy harvesting and gathering in hot tropical weather.
agree
Source A: Their diet was inadequate and at times even basic food was in short supply.
Source B: Slaves were given little to eat which was barely enough to keep them from hunger.
agree
Source A: Slaves were punished in a variety of ways such as being shifted to other parts of the country or even sold to a different owner.
Source B: Slaves everywhere faced the possibility of having their family lives disrupted by removal to another plantation.
Explain the reasons why the Black Codes had an impact on African Americans in the South.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
African Americans were not able to vote which meant they had no political power
African Americans were not allowed to carry firearms which meant they were unable to defend themselves against white violence
African Americans could not buy land in some areas which made life difficult
some African American marriages were not recognised by white Americans
unemployed African Americans could be arrested, fined or imprisoned which forced them to remain in poorly paid jobs
some states introduced segregation meaning that African Americans did not have access to the same level of facilities as White Southerners, for example, housing
a curfew of 10pm was imposed on African Americans which restricted their freedom
it was very difficult for African Americans to sue a white person in court which meant they had fewer legal rights
African Americans were not allowed to hold any public meetings after sunset which restricted their freedom of movement
African Americans were not able to preach to a congregation without permission which restricted their rights to free speech
How fully does Source C describe the conflicts between Native Americans and the American Government?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the conflicts between Native Americans and the American Government.
White expansion Westward created tension between Native Americans and the settlers. General Custer was chosen to lead part of the US Army against the Native Americans. At the Battle of Little Bighorn, General Custer led the 7th Cavalry to try and round up the rebellious Native Americans and take them back to their reservation. Unknown to Custer, around 2,000 Native American warriors were waiting for him. Many of the warriors had horses and modern repeating rifles. Custer ignored his scouts thinking they had exaggerated Native American numbers.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
At the Battle of Little Bighorn, General Custer led the 7th Cavalry to try and round up the rebellious Native Americans and take them back to their reservation. (General Custer fought the Native Americans at Little Bighorn to try and control them.)
Unknown to Custer, around 2,000 Native American warriors were waiting for him. (A large number of Native Americans ambushed Custer.)
Many of the warriors had horses and modern repeating rifles. (The Native Americans were well armed.)
Custer ignored his scouts thinking they had exaggerated Native American numbers. (Custer ignored the intelligence of his military scouts.)
Points of significant omission
many of Custerโs menโs guns jammed at Bighorn
225 of Custerโs men including Custer were killed at little Bighorn
Custer did not wait for back up before he attacked
450 Native Americans were killed at Sand Creek
at Sand Creek, two-thirds of the dead were women and children
Native Americans raised the American flag; white flag at Sand Creek as the warriors were away hunting
How fully does Source D describe the help given by the Freedmenโs Bureau during Reconstruction in the South?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the help given by the Freedmenโs Bureau during Reconstruction in the South.
The Freedmenโs Bureau was established in March 1865 by the government of President Abraham Lincoln to improve the lives of freed slaves. The Freedmenโs Bureau was set up to help former slaves get legal help. Freedmen would get temporary shelter and packages of clothing and food to relieve their suffering. The Bureau would confiscate abandoned land to rent to Freedmen. The Bureau helped legalise former slavesโ marriages. The Freedmenโs Bureau also created a great deal of hostility from white southerners who disliked northern interference in their way of life.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Freedmenโs Bureau was set up to help former slaves get legal help. (The Freedmanโs Bureau offered legal aid to former enslaved people.)
Freedman would get temporary shelter and packages of clothing and food to relieve their suffering. (Freedmen got help with necessaries of life.)
The bureau would confiscate abandoned land to rent to Freedmen. (The Bureau rented land to Freedmen.)
The bureau helped legalise former slavesโ marriages. (The Bureau helped Freedmen legalise their marriages.)
Points of significant omission
hospitals for former enslaved people were built
schools were built for former enslaved people
teachers trained for schools
the bureau helped find their families after the war
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the citizens had to make fortifications to defend the city
when the Germans arrived they were unable to enter the city
the siege lasted two and a half years
the only supply route in or out of the city was across Lake Ladoga, by boat in the warm months and by truck when it was frozen in winter
the city faced constant bombardment by the Luftwaffe
To what extent9 marks2022Q87World War II, 1939โ1945
To what extent were US code breakers the main reason for American victory at the Battle of Midway in 1942?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Code breakers
the Americans were able to confirm the Japanese target was Midway by intercepting radio communications
US Admiral Chester Nimitz used code breaker information to plan a deadly pre-emptive ambush
owing to code breaking intelligence, US was aware that the attack on the Aleutian Islands was a diversion
Japanese problems
the Japanese underestimated the US naval strength, for example, repair of Yorktown
Japanese mismanaged their resources, for example, they could have used more aircraft carriers but did not do so
the Japanese commander in charge, Nagumo, made crucial mistakes in the battle
the Japanese kept to their original plan even when they realised there was a US fleet nearby
the Japanese did not have radar and instead relied on the human eye to spot threats
Japanese maintained radio silence sailing to Midway thus Nagumo did not change course
American tactics
Nimitz was able to stock Midway Island with bombers, fighters, AA guns and ammunition so it effectively acted as another โcarrierโ
the Americans used Midway as the bait and allowed the Japanese to strike first before sending in the counterattack, catching them off-guard
at a crucial point in the battle, Enterprise bomber pilots spotted a lone Japanese warship in the middle of the ocean. Rather than attack it, they chose to follow it which led them to the main Japanese fleet
leadership and battle decisions made by US commanders, for example, Nimitz and Spruance
Compare the views4 marks2022Q88World War II, 1939โ1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, 1941.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, 1941.
The enemy attack was fierce and took us totally by surprise. The bombs sent filthy black smoke pouring up into the sky. A shock like an earthquake went through our formation and my aircraft shuddered with the force of it. The Arizona exploded and a deep red flame burst upwards followed by white smoke to a height of 3,000 feet. Nobody knew what to do first.
Source B
I was rudely awakened just before 8am by the most terrific noise of bombs. I jumped out of bed and ran to investigate. Black columns of smoke were rising into the sky from the harbour. The attack caught both the army and the navy completely off guard. I ran outside unsure of what to do and was shocked to see the Arizona explode in a ball of fire and white smoke.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The enemy attack was fierce and took us totally by surprise.
Source B: The attack caught both the army and the navy completely off guard.
agree
Source A: The bombs sent filthy black smoke pouring up into the sky.
Source B: Black columns of smoke were rising into the sky from the harbour.
agree
Source A: The Arizona exploded and a deep red flame burst upwards followed by white smoke to a height of 3,000 feet.
Source B: I ran outside unsure of what to do and was shocked to see the Arizona explode in a ball of fire and white smoke.
Explain the reasons why resistance in occupied Europe was so difficult.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
only a small minority of people participated in organised resistance which made armed resistance more difficult
the resistance movements of Europe had found it hard to make much of an impression on the might of the German military
the devastating Blitzkrieg attacks had given little time for each country to prepare resistance
the savage repression of local populations usually did enough to put people off joining any local resistance force
clashes between the two separate ideologies of the different wings of the Resistance movement, for example, Communist and non-communist limited their effectiveness
resistance was dangerous work and if caught those involved could expect the harshest of treatment, including execution
the Night and Fog decree deterred resistance
it was difficult to know who to trust as some were Nazi collaborators which made organising resistance difficult
in Eastern Europe, German forces were often welcomed into towns and villages as saviours from Soviet rule
Nazi restrictions made meeting with other resistance groups difficult
How fully6 marks2022Q90(a)World War II, 1939โ1945
How fully does Source C describe Operation Market Garden, September 1944?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes Operation Market Garden, September 1944.
The Allied forces had made slower progress than expected across France, so were keen to speed up their advance. โMarket Gardenโ was the highly ambitious plan in September 1944 to reach Germany quickly through the Netherlands. Paratroopers dropped into the Netherlands and secured all bridges en-route to Germany. Rivers had been a difficult barrier in previous battles, therefore intact bridges were highly prized. Armoured forces moved as quickly as possible through the Netherlands. The allies succeeded in liberating the Dutch cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source, which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
โMarket Gardenโ was the highly ambitious plan in September 1944 to reach Germany quickly through the Netherlands. (Market Garden aimed to help the Allied advance to Germany.)
Paratroopers dropped into the Netherlands and secured all bridges en-route to Germany. (Paratroopers helped in capturing key bridges.)
Armoured forces moved as quickly as possible through the Netherlands. (Armoured forces played a role in advancing through Holland.)
The allies succeeded in liberating the Dutch cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen. (The allies had success in capturing some cities.)
Points of significant omission
the town (and bridge) of Arnhem was the third major objective
the Allies hoped to move quickly by attacking along a narrow front
the ground forces attack in the Netherlands was slowed by resistance from German forces
US paratroopers attacked Eindhoven and Nijmegen
British plans to attack Arnhem went wrong and the attack failed
the British were surrounded near Arnhem (Oosterbeek) and forced to withdraw
How fully6 marks2022Q90(b)World War II, 1939โ1945
How fully does Source D describe collaboration in occupied territories during World War II?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes collaboration in occupied territories during World War II.
In occupied Europe in 1940โ1941, the Nazis encountered many active or potential collaborators. Some people took advantage of the opportunities for power or cruelty gained by working for the Nazis. Others in Eastern Europe helped the Nazis clear the local populations to make way for German incomers. The leaders of Vichy France were eager to develop a partnership with the Germans. In Norway, Vidkun Quisling headed the government in a joint administration with the Germans, making sure Nazi policies were followed.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Some people took advantage of the opportunities for power or cruelty gained by working for the Nazis. (Some worked for the Nazi because it gave them power and ability to use violence.)
Others in Eastern Europe helped the Nazis clear the local populations to make way for German incomers. (Some helped the Nazis clear Eastern Europe so the Germans could move in.)
The leaders of Vichy France were eager to develop a partnership with the Germans. (The Vichy Government wanted to cooperate with the Nazis.)
In Norway, Vidkun Quisling headed the government in a joint administration with the Germans, making sure Nazi policies were followed. (Norway had a pro-Nazis government making sure German rules were followed.)
Points of significant omission
assistance to Germany in rounding up Jewish peoples
assistance to Germany in guarding Jewish peoples in ghettos and concentration camps
forming relationships with German soldiers
Nazi sympathisers volunteered to fight for Germany
collaborators informed on resistance groups
in France, the government formed a militia to repress the resistance
Describe4 marks2022Q6Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
Describe the power of the monarchy and nobility in Scotland in the 1540s.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
James VI controlled the religion of the country
James VI had control over taxes and income from the church
they owned the land and most ordinary people depended on them
they were in charge of law and order locally
they influenced who received church appointments in their area
they dominated the top positions in the country
they formed alliances amongst themselves to gain more power
they supplied soldiers to the monarch and could withhold them if unhappy
Compare the views4 marks2022Q7Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons for the 'Rough Wooing'.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the reasons for the 'Rough Wooing'.
Henry VIII invaded Scotland in order to end Scotland's alliance with France. Henry was also upset at senior Scottish nobles such as the Earl of Arran who changed their attitude to Henry himself and his religion. For Henry VIII, the invasion of Scotland was about using military force to secure his Northern borders against France. English armies launched repeated attacks, burning parts of Edinburgh. The violent campaign was given the title the 'Rough Wooing'.
Source B
In 1544 Henry VIII sent an army into Scotland to force the marriage of his son Edward, and Mary, Queen of Scots. He made it clear that Mary should move to England. Henry was also encouraged by the support of some Scots who hoped to see a change in religion. Henry VIII believed that an invasion would persuade Scots of the benefits of closer links with England.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the reasons for the 'Rough Wooing'.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Henry VIII invaded Scotland in order to end Scotland's alliance with France.
Source B: In 1544 Henry VIII sent an army into Scotland to force the marriage of his son Edward, and Mary, Queen of Scots.
disagree
Source A: Henry was also upset at senior Scottish nobles such as the Earl of Arran who changed their attitude to Henry himself and his religion.
Source B: Henry was also encouraged by the support of some Scots who hoped to see a change in religion.
disagree
Source A: For Henry VIII, the invasion of Scotland was about using military force to secure his Northern borders against France.
Source B: Henry VIII believed that an invasion would persuade Scots of the benefits of closer links with England.
Explain6 marks2022Q8Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
Explain the reasons why the Protestant religion grew in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
religious pamphlets were brought over from abroad spreading protestant belief
Bible was available in English meaning those who could not read Latin could now understand it
Protestant worship allowed congregation to sing psalms and say prayers meaning people were involved in the services
Protestant leaders like John Knox preached in Scotland whose arguments appealed to many
resentment at the way Protestant preachers had been treated led to more sympathy for Protestants, for example, Wishart burned as a heretic
Protestant religion used to counter French influence over Scotland which some felt was overbearing
death of Mary of Guise in 1560 allowed for Protestant regents to control the royal household
celebration of mass was banned meaning Protestantism was promoted as the only acceptable form of worship
criticisms of the Catholic church also contributed to the growth of Protestantism. for example, Sale of Indulgences, Pluralism
How fully6 marks2022Q9Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Mary was forced to abdicate in 1567?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Mary was forced to abdicate in 1567.
Mary started her reign well, but soon things went wrong. She was suspected of being involved in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley, in February 1567. Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, rebelled against the queen as he hoped to take control of Scotland by acting as regent to her infant son. Protestant Lords joined Moray as they wanted Mary's son James on the throne. The nobles said they would withdraw if Mary handed over Bothwell, she refused and was forced to surrender. Mary then abdicated in favour of James.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
She was suspected of being involved in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley, in February 1567. (Mary was under suspicion for being involved in her husband's death.)
Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, rebelled against the queen as he hoped to take control of Scotland by acting as regent to her infant son. (Mary's brother wanted to control the Scottish throne.)
Protestant Lords joined Moray as they wanted Mary's son James on the throne. (Protestant nobles conspired against Mary to replace her with her son.)
The nobles said they would withdraw if Mary handed over Bothwell, she refused and was forced to surrender. (Nobles refused to support Mary with Bothwell at her side.)
Points of significant omission
Mary married Bothwell only three months after Darnley's death, which many people thought proved her involvement in Darnley's death
the marriage ceremony to Bothwell was conducted using Protestant rites which made Mary look hypocritical
Mary allowed Bothwell to prevent an investigation into Darnley's death which many people thought proved her involvement in the crime
the Lords' reaction was so quick after Mary's marriage to Bothwell that some have argued it was a planned Protestant plot
some people had never supported Mary as a female ruler
some people have never supported Mary as a Catholic ruler
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q10Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of Mary's involvement in Catholic plots against Elizabeth I.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008.
Spies constantly searched for evidence that Mary was a threat to Elizabeth I. In the Ridolfi plot, a letter written by Mary named the Duke of Norfolk as head of a movement to restore the Catholic faith to England. The letter went on to say Mary would become Queen of England, a right many considered to be hers as a great-grandchild of Henry VII. Furthermore, she declared that she would personally lead an army to take Dumbarton and Edinburgh castles.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian โ Useful because they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it is likely to have been thorough research in Mary's involvement in plots.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give balanced information.
Timing: 2008 โ Useful because it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In the Ridolfi plot, a letter written by Mary named the Duke of Norfolk as head of a movement to restore the Catholic faith to England. โ Useful because it is accurate (Mary did have knowledge of the plot of Norfolk planning to overthrow Elizabeth).
The letter went on to say Mary would become Queen of England. โ Useful because it is accurate (Mary did claim in letters her right to the throne of England).
Furthermore, she declared that she would personally lead an army to take Dumbarton and Edinburgh castles. โ Useful because it is accurate (Mary intended on returning to Scotland and ruling alongside her son).
Points of significant omission
Mary manipulated several jailers into supporting her plots against Elizabeth
Mary was blamed for the Throckmorton plot that planned the murder of Elizabeth
Mary was held responsible for the Parry plot to murder Elizabeth
Mary's letters showed her compliance in the Babington plot to put her on the throne
Describe4 marks2022Q16Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
Describe the impact of the Empire on Scotland between 1830 and 1939.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Empire cultures and religions brought to Scotland
provided raw materials for factories, such as cotton, jute and sugar
many jobs were created in manufacturing industries to produce goods for export to the Empire for example, locomotives and ships
trade with the Empire increased the wealth of individuals and/or cities such as Glasgow
profits from the Empire led to impressive new public buildings and mansions being built for example, Broughty Ferry
provided jobs for Scots in the Empire for example, the armed forces and civil service
Opportunities in the Empire led to loss of skilled workers
later the Empire became a source of competition to Scottish economy for example, farm produce from Australia, Jute mill development in India, etc
Compare the views4 marks2022Q17Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons why Lithuanian immigrants settled in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the reasons why Lithuanian immigrants settled in Scotland.
Lithuanians came to Scotland fleeing oppression in their homeland. In Lithuania, Russian occupation had changed their lives. Many Lithuanians chose to come to Scotland because they had been recruited by employers in Coatbridge. Lithuanian immigrants continued to be attracted to Scotland because it offered family and community connections. In and around Coatbridge, there were many businesses set up to cater for Lithuanians such as bakeries and newspapers.
Source B
In the late 19th century, Lithuanian immigrants came to Scotland because of poverty in their homeland. Most of the Lithuanians found themselves stranded in Scotland because they lacked funds to travel to America. By the end of the First World War, Lithuanians were no longer coming to Scotland as the community had broken up because of disagreements over which country they should fight for. Those Lithuanians who stayed often changed their names.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the reasons why Lithuanians settled in Scotland.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Lithuanians came to Scotland fleeing oppression in their homeland.
Source B: In the late 19th century, Lithuanian immigrants came to Scotland because of poverty in their homeland.
disagree
Source A: Many Lithuanians chose to come to Scotland because they had been recruited by employers in Coatbridge.
Source B: Most of the Lithuanians found themselves stranded in Scotland because they lacked funds to travel to America.
disagree
Source A: Lithuanian immigrants continued to be attracted to Scotland because it offered family and community connections.
Source B: By the end of the First World War, Lithuanians were no longer coming to Scotland as the community had broken up because of disagreements over which country they should fight for.
Explain6 marks2022Q18Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
Explain the reasons why migrants experienced difficulties living in Scotland between 1830 and 1939.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many migrants faced language difficulties on their arrival in Scotland
many migrants were poor, leading to difficulties establishing themselves in Scotland
many migrants had difficulty gaining employment
many migrants could only get poorly paid jobs leading to poverty
some immigrants faced ill feeling over undercutting wages and 'sweated labour'
some immigrants were stereotyped and blamed for bad behaviour
many Catholics faced religious discrimination and/or prejudice because of differences in religion
Education in Catholic run schools was often less well funded
Many immigrants were regarded as strike breakers by Scots leading to hostility
Some Italian immigrants faced hostility due to cafรฉ opening times
immigrants were blamed for spreading disease
immigrants to Scotland were resented for increasing pressure on housing conditions
How fully6 marks2022Q19Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Scots emigrated overseas, 1830โ1939?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Scots emigrated overseas, 1830โ1939.
The headmaster gave a speech; he said many former pupils had left to go to Canada and were living a better life. They sent letters encouraging their family and friends to move too. He introduced the immigration agent. The agent said Canada was a huge country, which had great opportunities for farming. He explained that a ticket to Canada with the Anchor Line cost ยฃ13 and 13 shillings, which got comments of 'expensive'. He enthusiastically persuaded us of the merits of emigration with film clips and views of Canada.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source, which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The headmaster gave a speech; he said many former pupils had left to go to Canada and were living a better life. (Scots emigrated for the opportunities abroad.)
They sent letters encouraging their family and friends to move too. (Emigrants wrote letters encouraging others to emigrate.)
The agent said Canada was a huge country, which had great opportunities for farming. (Canada was attractive to emigrant farmers.)
He enthusiastically persuaded us of the merits of emigration with film clips and views of Canada. (Scots were persuaded of the attractions of Canada.)
Points of significant omission
poverty in Scotland encouraged emigration
unemployment encouraged many to leave
decline in industries also encouraged emigration after the First World War, for example, agriculture, fishing, heavy industries
governments of the overseas countries offered land and helped with the cost of travel
lack of opportunities in Scotland persuaded many people to leave
some emigrants went for missionary work: hoped to spread Christianity
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q20Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the impact of Scots on the areas to which they emigrated.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008.
The majority of Scots who emigrated to New Zealand, came from around Edinburgh or Glasgow. Many of the emigrants were skilled or semi-skilled workers. John Ewing set up a highly successful mining operation. The Burt Brothers also established a nationwide plumbing and gas fitting business. Scots also made contributions in other areas. The Scottish education system was the model for New Zealand's education system. It must be stated, however, that not all of the emigrants made their presence a wholly welcome one in this land.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they are a well-informed expert on Scottish emigration.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful because the issue would have been researched thoroughly.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give factual information about the Scottish contribution to other countries.
Timing: 2008 โ Useful as it has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
John Ewing set up a highly successful mining operation. โ Useful because it is accurate (Scots did set up mining companies).
The Burt Brothers also established a nationwide plumbing and gas fitting business. โ Useful because it is accurate (Scots did contribute to engineering).
The Scottish education system was the model for New Zealand's education system. โ Useful because it is accurate (Scots had a big impact on education).
Points of significant omission
Scottish farmers used their skills and knowledge to improve farming practices
Scots contributed greatly to trading, for example, fur
Scots contributed to the development of professions, for example, medicine, surveying
Scottish settlers often had a negative impact on native peoples
Describe4 marks2022Q21The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
Describe the use of tanks on the Western Front.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
destroyed enemy defences, for example, barbed wire
provided cover for advancing soldiers
the tracks allowed tanks to crossed No Man's Land
their bulletproof exterior protected soldiers inside
Compare the views4 marks2022Q22The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
Compare the views of Sources A and B about military tactics on the Western Front.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about military tactics on the Western Front.
General Haig was worried about attacking at Loos as he knew his soldiers would have almost no cover and would find it hard to advance. Haig also wanted to keep the reserve troops close to the Front Line to achieve a breakthrough. Battalions from every Scottish regiment fought at Loos and ultimately 7,000 Scottish soldiers were killed. The Battle of Loos was a total tactical failure for the British.
Source B
The Battle of Loos was fought in September 1915 on the Western Front. The British had some tactical success at Loos. General Haig however, was accused of being over-ambitious about his attacking troops achieving a breakthrough. Haig's commander, Sir John French, thought that Haig's tactics for the reserve troops risked high casualties without guaranteed success. After the battle, Haig and Sir John French never resolved their differences.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about military tactics on the Western Front.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: General Haig was worried about attacking at Loos as he knew his soldiers would have almost no cover and would find it hard to advance.
Source B: General Haig however, was accused of being over-ambitious about his attacking troops achieving a breakthrough.
disagree
Source A: Haig also wanted to keep the reserve troops close to the Front Line to exploit a breakthrough.
Source B: Haig's commander, Sir John French, thought that Haig's tactics for the reserve troops risked high casualties without guaranteed success.
disagree
Source A: The Battle of Loos was a total tactical failure for the British.
Source B: The British had some tactical success at Loos.
Explain6 marks2022Q23The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
Explain the reasons why some people became conscientious objectors.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
some people objected to the war on moral grounds, for example, belief in the idea that killing was wrong
some people belonged to religious groups who were pacifists, for example, the Quakers
some soldiers became conscientious objectors after their experience of the fighting
some thought it was wrong to fight because Scotland and the UK was not being directly threatened
some people believed that peace should be achieved by negotiation not fighting
some people had political ideas which meant they believed the war was a rich man's fight, for example, socialism
some people had political ideas which meant they could not accept the government control over peoples' lives, for example, Liberals
some people belonged to political parties who were opposed to the war, for example, the ILP
some people were conscientious objectors because they could not accept the increasing power of the state, for example, John Maclean
How fully6 marks2022Q24The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Scotland experienced economic difficulties after the Great War?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Scotland faced economic difficulties after the Great War.
By 1928 the economy of Scotland was in serious decline. Foreign competition helped cause over half of Scotland's iron furnaces to be dismantled by 1927. The mining industry suffered due to coal being much cheaper abroad. New fuels being made available led to further decrease in coal production and many of Scotland's pits began to close. The failure of many Scottish industries to modernise also made it more difficult to compete because of higher costs.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Foreign competition helped cause over half of Scotland's iron furnaces to be dismantled by 1927. (Foreign competition hit the Scottish iron industry hard.)
The mining industry suffered due to coal being much cheaper abroad. (Coalmining was affected badly by cheap coal from abroad.)
New fuels being made available led to further decrease in coal production and many of Scotland's pits began to close. (Coal mining was affected by new fuels leading to pit closures.)
The failure of many Scottish industries to modernise also made it more difficult to compete because of higher costs. (Many Scottish industries did not modernise leading to their failure.)
Points of significant omission
lack of demand for ships after the war caused a decline in the shipbuilding industry on the Clyde
jute industry in Dundee was affected by the post-war decline in demand for sandbags
jute industry in Dundee was affected by foreign competition when the industry moved to Calcutta, India
valuable export markets to Germany and Russia were lost during the war and were never recovered, for example, fishing markets
Scottish farmers came under pressure due to the expansion of cheap food imports from abroad
poor industrial relations in Scotland gave industries a bad reputation, reducing orders
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q25The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of what happened during the rent strikes of 1915.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2013
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2013.
The disagreements of the rent strikes were about the high cost of housing. The threat of eviction led to a woman in some tenement blocks being posted as a sentry to warn others if the bailiffs arrived. Everyone in the building would then run to defend their neighbour against eviction. Flour, rotting food and even wet clothes were thrown at the bailiffs to stop them from entering the building. The solidarity of the women was often so strong that it could not be broken.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian โ Useful because they would be a well-informed expert on the rent strikes.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful because the book would have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about the rent strikes.
Timing: 2013 โ Useful as it is a secondary source with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The threat of eviction led to a woman in some tenement blocks being posted as a sentry to warn others if the bailiffs arrived. โ Useful because it is accurate (lookouts were posted to watch for bailiffs coming to evict people).
Everyone in the building would then run to defend their neighbour against eviction. โ Useful because it is accurate (crowds would gather to defend their neighbour against evictions).
Flour, rotting food and even wet clothes were thrown at the bailiffs to stop them from entering the building. โ Useful because it is accurate (items were thrown at the bailiffs to prevent evictions).
Points of significant omission
during the war demand for housing in Glasgow soared and many landlords increased rent prices
in February 1915 local women (led by Mary Barbour) formed the Glasgow Women's Housing Association to resist rent increases
in May 1915, 25,000 tenants in Glasgow had joined the protest (rent strikes spread to other areas of Scotland)
male factory workers also striked for wage increases
Describe4 marks2022Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
Describe the events that took place during the Worcester incident.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the Worcester (ship) under the control of Captain Green was seized at Leith
its crew was captured by an angry mob
the crew were questioned over the disappearance of two Scottish ships
Captain Green and two of the crew were charged with piracy
the evidence against Green was unproven
they were hanged on Leith Sands on 11th April 1705
Compare the views4 marks2022Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the economic problems in Scotland up to 1707.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the economic problems in Scotland up to 1707.
Although famine in Scotland had a negative impact it was not disastrous as the economy was able to recover. Transatlantic trade continued after the English Navigation Acts, as Scottish merchants avoided the restrictions through smuggling. A report into the state of royal burghs visited most towns to investigate the economic situation in Scotland. Many burghs were still making profits from manufacturing and overseas trade but lied about having debt to avoid paying taxes.
Source B
Scottish trade was disadvantaged by reinforced Navigation Acts as it treated Scots as aliens in the American colonies which stopped trade. The Convention of Royal Burghs found evidence of a significant debt increase in some burghs due to an economic downturn. The most serious problem was a run of poor harvests which resulted in severe famine and economic downturn. The Scottish Kirk stated that the famine was evidence of God's unhappiness with the Scottish people.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the economic problems in Scotland before the Union.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Although famine in Scotland had a negative impact it was not disastrous as the economy was able to recover.
Source B: The most serious problem was a run of poor harvests which resulted in severe famine and economic downturn.
disagree
Source A: Transatlantic trade continued after the English Navigation Acts, as Scottish merchants avoided the restrictions through smuggling.
Source B: Scottish trade was disadvantaged by reinforced Navigation Acts as it treated Scots as aliens in the American colonies which stopped trade.
disagree
Source A: Many burghs were still making profits from manufacturing and overseas trade but lied about having debt to avoid paying taxes.
Source B: The Convention of Royal Burghs found evidence of a significant debt increase in some burghs due to an economic downturn.
Explain6 marks2022Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
Explain the reasons why many Scots argued against the Union with England.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Scots feared that Union would result in an increase on taxes for Scottish goods making them more expensive
Scots feared that Scottish industries would not be able to compete with the more developed English industries
Scots feared that the British parliament would prioritise English trade interests over Scottish interests at home and abroad
Scottish MPs would be outnumbered in the new British parliament so would have less influence over laws
Union would end Scotland's national identity and independence as Scottish laws and liberties would be at risk
royal burghs feared that the Union would end their special privileges
Presbyterians opposed Union as it threatened the independence of the Scottish church, for example, the English church had bishops and the monarch was its head
many Scottish Catholics opposed Union as they supported the Jacobite claim to the throne
Scottish Episcopalians opposed Union as it provided more power to the Presbyterian church
How fully6 marks2022Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Scottish Parliament passed the Treaty of Union?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Scottish Parliament passed the Treaty of Union.
Discussions for the passing of the Treaty of Union started in 1706 in the Scottish Parliament. The passing of the Treaty was helped along by the indecisiveness of the Duke of Hamilton at key points in the parliamentary debate. The Act of Security of the Church of Scotland guaranteed the protection of Presbyterianism in Scotland after Union. Scottish nobles were satisfied that Union maintained private courts of the landed class. In addition, the Scots were granted free trade with England and her colonies which Scots had wanted for some years.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The passing of the Treaty was helped along by the indecisiveness of the Duke of Hamilton at key points in the parliamentary debate. (The actions of the Duke of Hamilton helped the passing of the Treaty.)
The Act of Security of the Church of Scotland guaranteed the protection of Presbyterianism in Scotland after Union. (The Act of Security gave protection to Presbyterianism.)
Scottish nobles were satisfied that Union maintained private courts of the landed class. (Scottish nobles were happy that Union would maintain their power.)
In addition, the Scots were granted free trade with England and her colonies which Scots had wanted for some years. (Gave Scots access to the English colonies for trading.)
Points of significant omission
the Equivalent was given as compensation to Scots for taking on part of England's national debt
self-interested reasons from Scottish nobles to accept Union, such as pensions
ยฃ20,000 was secretly dispatched north from the English treasury to pay overdue salaries or as bribes
Squadron Volante held the balance of power and were able to pass every vote on the articles of the Treaty
movements of the English army northwards may have scared Scottish MPs into accepting Union
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons why the Jacobite rebellion took place in 1715.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010.
The Episcopalians disliked the idea of a Presbyterian church dominating Scotland and were willing to accept a Roman Catholic monarch. However, it is important not to overemphasise the role of religion in the increasing support for the Jacobites. Many Scots were angry as the Union did not have an immediate positive effect on trade or industries in Scotland. Furthermore, the Earl of Mar, who led the Jacobites in 1715, used the threat of force to ensure the support of his tenants for the Jacobite rebellion.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian โ Useful because they have expert knowledge on the Jacobite rebellion in 1715.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful because it contains information which is well researched.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful because it provides detailed information.
Timing: 2010 โ Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The Episcopalians disliked the idea of a Presbyterian church dominating Scotland and were willing to accept a Roman Catholic monarch. โ Useful as this is accurate (because many Episcopalians were willing to support the Jacobites to stop the Presbyterian church gaining more control in Scotland).
Many Scots were angry as the Union did not have an immediate positive effect on trade or industries in Scotland. โ Useful as this is accurate (because many Scots were unhappy with the lack of economic benefits after Union so looked to the Jacobites to dissolve it).
Furthermore, the Earl of Mar, who led the Jacobites in 1715, used the threat of force to ensure the support of his tenants for the Jacobite rebellion. โ Useful as this is accurate (because some landlords forced their tenants to fight for the Jacobites).
Points of significant omission
some MPs believed that they would be rewarded with important positions if the Jacobite rebellion was successful
George I was very unpopular which led to many Scots no longer supporting the Hanoverian succession
the expectation of French support for the rebellion encouraged many to fight
many Scots supported the Stuarts as it was believed that a successful rebellion would reverse the Union
Describe4 marks2022Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
Describe what was agreed between Scotland and England in the Treaty of Birgham.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Prince Edward of England was to marry Margaret, Maid of Norway
Scotland was to remain an independent country
the Scottish and English churches would not be merged together
Scottish Parliaments could not be held outside of Scotland
taxes in Scotland were only to be imposed by the Scottish king
the borders of England and Scotland were to remain unchanged
Scottish legal matters would continue to be settled in Scotland under Scots law
Scots would not pay homage for Scottish lands to anyone outside Scotland
Compare the views4 marks2022Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Scottish attitudes towards Margaret, Maid of Norway becoming Scotland's queen.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Scottish attitudes towards Margaret, Maid of Norway becoming Scotland's queen.
The reign of King Alexander III was known as the 'Golden Age'. However his reign came to an end in 1286 when he died unexpectedly. Many Scots claimed that Margaret was too young to become Scotland's monarch. Others said that it was not possible for a woman to be a national leader. Some Scottish nobles, including Robert Bruce, felt they had a better claim than Margaret to succeed Alexander.
Source B
King Alexander III died in 1286 after falling from his horse. As Alexander's closest living relative, Margaret was seen by many powerful Scots as his rightful replacement. Although she was a child some Scots pointed out that Alexander was a successful king despite being only seven when he was crowned. It was also argued that countries such as France and England had previously had a queen's rule in the absence of a king.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about Scottish attitudes towards Margaret, Maid of Norway becoming Scotland's queen.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Many Scots claimed that Margaret was too young to become Scotland's monarch.
Source B: Although she was a child some Scots pointed out that Alexander was a successful king despite being only seven when he was crowned.
disagree
Source A: Others said that it was not possible for a woman to be a national leader.
Source B: It was also argued that countries such as France and England had previously had queens rule in the absence of a king.
disagree
Source A: Some Scottish nobles, including Robert Bruce, felt they had a better claim than Margaret to succeed Alexander.
Source B: As Alexander's closest living relative, Margaret was seen by many powerful Scots as his rightful replacement.
Explain6 marks2022Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
Explain the reasons why Edward I of England was able to impose his authority on Scotland between 1292 and 1296.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Balliol was weakened from the start of his reign because he paid homage to King Edward
Balliol struggled due to a lack of support from some Competitors who lost out during the Great Cause
Edward's right to intervene in Scottish legal affairs gave him power over the Scots
Balliol's agreement that the Treaty of Birgham no longer applied meant Edward could challenge Scotland's independence
the appointment of Englishmen to powerful Scottish positions undermined Scotland's laws and customs
Balliol was required to attend Court in England, reducing his authority in Scotland
Edward was a more experienced military leader than Balliol, enabling him to easily defeat Scotland's army, for example, Dunbar
England's army was stronger than the Scots, making English victory more likely in battles
after Balliol was removed as Scottish King, there was no-one to stop Edward controlling Scotland
England's removal of the Stone of Destiny hindered the Scots choosing a new king to challenge Edward
the Scottish nobles gave control to Edward when they agreed to sign the Ragman Rolls
How fully6 marks2022Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297.
Events before the Battle of Stirling Bridge influenced its outcome. The Scots' position on high ground at Abbey Craig helped them see English movements and plans. After defeating Scotland's army the previous year, English commanders had become overconfident and expected an easy victory. However, in this case the soft ground of the battlefield made the English cavalry much less effective. Wallace's leadership inspired the Scots to overcome a much larger English army. Following the victory at Stirling Bridge, the legend of William Wallace was created.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Scots' position on high ground at Abbey Craig helped them see English movements and plans. (Scots could see what the English were doing.)
After defeating Scotland's army, the previous year, English commanders had become overconfident and expected an easy victory. (English underestimated the Scots.)
The soft ground of the battlefield made the English cavalry much less effective. (The battle ground reduced English effectiveness.)
Wallace's leadership inspired the Scots to overcome a much larger English army. (Wallace's leadership was important to Scottish victory.)
Points of significant omission
Cressingham ignored advice to cross at a nearby ford
the English were trapped due to the river
English army were poorly organised including numerous bridge crossings and false starts before the battle
Scots attacked before the English army expected them to do so
less than half of the English army had crossed the bridge when the battle began
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q5The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of problems faced by Bruce before 1314.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009.
Just six weeks after killing Comyn in Dumfries, Bruce was at Scone to be crowned king. At first his supporters enjoyed success, winning control of Cupar Castle. However, King Edward sent Aymer de Valance to Scotland displaying a Dragon banner to show that Bruce would receive no mercy. Valance captured many Bruce supporters, including Bishops Wishart and Lamberton. Valance's men eventually found Bruce's army and killed most of them. Bruce was more fortunate and somehow survived.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian โ Useful as modern historians are likely to be experts on the issue and have carried out research.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as a factual account of the problems faced by Bruce before 1314.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is a detailed account of the problems faced by Bruce before 1314.
Timing: 2009 โ Useful as written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
However, King Edward sent Aymer de Valance to Scotland displaying a Dragon banner to show that Bruce would receive no mercy. โ Useful because it is accurate (Edward did send English soldiers to Scotland with a Dragon banner).
Valance captured many Bruce supporters, including Bishops Wishart and Lamberton. โ Useful because it is accurate (many Bruce supporters were captured).
Valance's men eventually found Bruce's army and killed most of them. โ Useful because it is accurate (most of Bruce's army were killed).
Points of significant omission
the Comyn family and their supporters hated Bruce and joined in military action against him, for example, Dalry
members of Bruce's family were captured and imprisoned and/or executed
Bruce was forced into hiding (possibly in Ireland or western Scottish islands)
parts of Scotland were controlled by English soldiers, for example, castles
