Describe the improvements to health in Britain by 1914.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccination
James Young Simpson developed anaesthetics
Joseph Lister developed antiseptic procedures
John Snow discovered the link between water contamination and cholera
improvements made to cleanliness and safety in hospitals
doctors and nurses had a greater understanding of the causes of disease
piped water supply to towns and cities improved health
To what extent9 marks2024Q37Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
To what extent were new laws the main reason why working conditions improved in coal mines by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
New laws
no females were allowed underground
no boys under 10 were allowed underground
single shaft pits were outlawed
pit managers had to have a certificate to show they were competent
Improved safety
inspectors were appointed to enforce new laws
the work of inspectors was limited by their small number across the country
better supervision of pit winding gear which improved safety when lowering and raising miners
pit props lessened the risk of cave-ins
New technology
Davy Safety Lamp 1815 prevented gas explosions
steam pumps drained water from mines
ventilation fans pushed fresh air around the mines
Compare the views4 marks2024Q38Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the improvements made to working conditions in textile factories.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the improvements made to working conditions in textile factories.
By the 1830s, some mill owners, motivated by their religious beliefs, improved conditions for workers by shortening the working day. A Factory Act was passed which introduced a maximum 48-hour week for children. However, early Factory Acts were limited as few inspectors were created to ensure new laws were enforced. It would be 1878 before an Act was passed which would ensure that no child under 10 was to be employed.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the improvements made to working conditions in textile factories.
The Factory Act of 1878 introduced a Factory Code which applied to all trades, meaning that children under 10 could not be employed anywhere. Early Acts had introduced new laws but failed to appoint enough inspectors to guarantee that safety measures were enforced. Religious mill owners such as Robert Owen gave workers shorter days and better housing. His belief in improving the lives of workers helped improve conditions in workplaces across the country.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about improvements made to working conditions in factories.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: By the 1830s, some mill owners, motivated by their religious beliefs, improved conditions for workers by shortening the working day.
Source B: Religious mill owners such as Robert Owen gave workers shorter days and better housing.
agree
Source A: However, early Factory Acts were limited as few inspectors were created to ensure new laws were enforced.
Source B: Early Acts had introduced new laws but failed to appoint enough inspectors to guarantee that safety measures were enforced.
agree
Source A: It would be 1878 before an Act was passed which would ensure that no child under 10 was to be employed.
Source B: The Factory Act of 1878 introduced a Factory Code which applied to all trades, meaning that children under 10 could not be employed anywhere.
Explain the reasons why the development of railways had an impact on society and the economy.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
railways made cheap day trips possible which led to the development of seaside towns
railways made possible the development of football leagues as supporters and teams could travel to matches
newspapers could be delivered all over the country which led to a growth in interest in politics
delivery of post became quicker allowing people to keep in touch
fresh food could be transported more quickly, which improved diets
canal companies could not compete with the speed and cost of the railway which led to their decline
people could now travel greater distances for leisure and work, which led to the development of commuter towns
railways created new jobs which improved employment opportunities
rail timetables were standardised, which led to the creation of GMT which benefitted the economy because the whole country ran to GMT
the development of railways created a demand for coal and iron, which meant a growth in those industries
factories could transport their goods to more markets, which led to an increase in profits
How fully6 marks2024Q40Changing Britain, 1760โ1914
How fully does Source C describe the events at Peterloo?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the events at Peterloo.
The year 1819 saw a series of political rallies by working class people about industrial depression and high food prices. One such rally happened on 16 August on St Peterโs Field in Manchester. The large crowd attending included a high proportion of women and children. The radical speaker, Henry Hunt, began to make a speech calling for the reform of parliament. Local officials were alarmed by the size of the crowd and ordered the army to arrest the speakers immediately.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
One such rally happened on 16 August on St Peterโs Field in Manchester.
The large crowd attending included a high proportion of women and children.
The radical speaker, Henry Hunt, began to make a speech calling for the reform of parliament.
Local officials were alarmed by the size of the crowd and ordered the army to arrest the speakers immediately.
Points of significant omission
the militia on horseback charged into the crowd
the militia attacked anyone who tried to prevent them from arresting the speakers
many people were killed and hundreds (400) injured
the militia were trapped amongst the crowd and had to fight their way out
the militia destroyed banners and flags in the crowd
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
ships sailed from Britain to Africa carrying manufactured goods
slave ships mainly departed from Liverpool, Bristol and London
manufactured goods were exchanged for enslaved Africans, for example, guns, alcohol, glass beads, pots and pans
slave ships left West Africa carrying enslaved Africans to West Indies and the Americas (the Middle Passage)
the Middle Passage could take from a few weeks to several months
profits from slave auctions were then invested in sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco
ships carrying tobacco, sugar, molasses, cotton would sail back across the Atlantic
cotton, tobacco, sugar, coffee could be sold on return to Britain for a large profit
To what extent9 marks2024Q32The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
To what extent was the growth of shipbuilding the main impact of the slave trade on the British economy?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Shipbuilding
increased job opportunities for skilled craftsmen
Port cities became bigger and created new jobs as a result of shipbuilding, for example, Liverpool
Banking
growth of insurance companies, for example, Lloyds of London insured many slave voyages
banks financed slave voyages, for example, Barclays Bank and the Bank of England
made London the financial capital of the British Empire
Tobacco industry
tobacco merchants in Glasgow, which led to a new industry boosting the wealth of the city
Textile industry
orders from the trade in enslaved Africans increased profits in the textile industry
cotton for mills came from plantations using enslaved Africansโ labour allowing the industry to expand
Sugar industry
the sugar industry developed providing many jobs, for example, Bristol opened sugar houses and a sugar refinery
Slave related industry
chain-making and rope were boosted by the trade in enslaved Africans
the need for manufactured goods such as glass beads and copper led to a growth of factories producing these goods
Compare the views4 marks2024Q33The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean islands.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean islands.
The introduction of the slave trade in the Caribbean caused a long-lasting impact on the islands. The local peoples of the West Indies were almost all wiped out because they caught European diseases, such as the flu. There was more unrest on the islands after laws were brought in to make sure that enslaved people were severely restricted. Large areas of natural beauty were flattened to make space for plantations.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean islands.
The Caribbean lost a great deal of its beautiful landscape after plantations were developed. The Caribbean islands were made more violent as a result of the laws made to keep enslaved people under control. The Arawak people could not cope with the new diseases brought on slave ships and many died as a result. Many resented the changes because they increased racist attitudes in the Caribbean islands.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean islands.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The local peoples of the West Indies were almost all wiped out because they caught European diseases, such as the flu.
Source B: The Arawak people could not cope with the new diseases brought on slave ships and many died as a result.
agree
Source A: There was more unrest on the islands after laws were brought in to make sure that enslaved people were severely restricted.
Source B: The Caribbean islands were made more violent as a result of the laws made to keep enslaved people under control.
agree
Source A: Large areas of natural beauty were flattened to make space for plantations.
Source B: The Caribbean lost a great deal of its beautiful landscape after plantations were developed.
Explain the reasons why living and working conditions on the plantations were difficult for enslaved African people.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
enslaved Africans were often given poor quality food, so they were often malnourished
enslaved Africans lived in run-down accommodation which was often not weatherproof which led to ill health
enslaved Africans were often brutally punished causing them injury, for example, whipping when they did not work hard enough
enslaved Africans usually worked 12 hours or more per day which was exhausting
the intense heat of the Caribbean made working conditions extremely difficult
enslaved Africans could be threatened about the sale of family members which made them fear for the loss of their families
enslaved African women were often subjected to mistreatment from overseers and owners
enslaved Africans could be injured whilst working, for example, using sugar making equipment
enslaved African women had to give birth and return to work straight away, giving them no time to recover
How fully6 marks2024Q35The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1770โ1807
How fully does Source C describe the methods used by the abolitionists?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the methods used by the abolitionists.
By the late 18th century, there was a growing campaign against slavery, in all its forms. Reports about the cruelty of slavery such as the story of the slave ship the Zong, were publicised by Granville Sharp. Some women helped the abolitionist cause by boycotting slave-produced goods. Many in Britain started to question the morality of slavery. Thomas Clarkson travelled an astonishing 35,000 miles around Britain lecturing about slavery. Petitions demanding an end to the slave trade attracted tens of thousands of names.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Reports about the cruelty of slavery such as the story of the slave ship the Zong, were publicised by Granville Sharp.
Some women helped the abolitionist cause by boycotting slave-produced goods.
Thomas Clarkson travelled an astonishing 35,000 miles around Britain lecturing about slavery.
Petitions demanding an end to the slave trade attracted tens of thousands of names.
Points of significant omission
Olaudah Equiano published a book speaking out against slavery
William Wilberforce put the abolition bill forward in Parliament for 18 years
Sons of Africa group educated people in Britain about the plight of enslaved Africans
thumbscrews and shackles were shown to the public
many items were made by Wedgewood with the โAm I not a man and a brother?โ slogan
Christian groups and individuals lobbied MPs asking them to stop slavery, for example, Quakers, Hannah More
Describe4 marks2024Q21The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
Describe Williamโs consolidation of power after 1066.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
William seized land from Anglo-Saxon landowners
William gave land to his followers
William built Motte and Bailey castles
William replaced any religious leaders who opposed him
William had Norman administrators take over government positions
William dealt with rebellion severely, for example, the harrying of the North
William ordered officials to count his possessions, for example, the Domesday book
To what extent9 marks2024Q22The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
How important was Henry IIโs treatment of his sons as a reason for the Great Rebellion, 1173โ1174?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Henry IIโs treatment of his sons
Henry IIโs children had titles but wanted more power
young Henry wanted more power and land as he was to become king
young Henry was jealous of his brothers who had been given land and titles from their father, for example, John given 3 castles, Richard given Aquitaine, Geoffrey given Brittany
Relationship with Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor was jealous of Henry IIโs infidelity so wanted to reduce his power
some of Eleanorโs lands in France had been taken away without consulting her, for example, Gascony
she had influence over her sons and encouraged their rebellion
Other leaders
Louis VIIโs influence over young Henry (father-in-law to Young Henry) encouraging him to rebel
Louis VII wanted to reduce the power of the Angevin dynasty as Henry II had more land and power than him
William the Lion wanted to regain the lands David had lost to Henry II
Baronial Policy
barons were angered by Henry IIโs policies which limited their power
Compare the views4 marks2024Q23The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Henry IIโs problems when he became king.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Henry IIโs problems when he became king.
Henry II faced many problems when he came to the throne. During the previous kingโs reign there had been many illegal castles built by barons without royal permission. Barons were also keeping fines collected from criminals instead of giving this money to the Crown. Henry II also had to deal with further issues. Some barons changed legal papers to support their claim that they were rightful heirs to lands which did not belong to them.
Source B
Sources A and B are about Henry IIโs problems when he became king.
When Henry II became the English king, the barons had much more power than him. Barons were using forged documents to claim landownership. Unlawful castles had been constructed and many barons refused to hand these over to the king. Barons also refused to pay over money to the king that they had collected through fines. These were not the only problems to trouble his rule.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the problems Henry II faced when he became king.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: During the previous kingโs reign there had been many illegal castles built by barons without royal permission.
Source B: Unlawful castles had been constructed and many barons refused to hand these over to the king.
agree
Source A: Barons were also keeping fines collected from criminals instead of giving this money to the Crown.
Source B: Barons also refused to pay over money to the king that they had collected through fines.
agree
Source A: Some barons changed legal papers to support their claim that they were rightful heirs to lands which did not belong to them.
Source B: Barons were using forged documents to claim landownership.
Explain6 marks2024Q24The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
Explain the reasons why religion was important to people in the medieval period.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
faith in God was central to peopleโs lives which was a comfort
the main function of the Church was to enable people to get to heaven where they would be in bliss with God forever
the Church conducted important ceremonies, for example, baptisms, marriages, funerals
the Church performed the last rites for the dying which was an important end to a religious life
the Church employed large numbers of people providing for the community
the Church stored tithes in case of harvest failure so people would still have food
the Church organised religious holidays for enjoyment, for example, saintsโ days and festivals
the Church provided education for boys as a career in the Church was seen as a noble profession
the Church was a political adviser to the king, which helped him maintain his rule
the Church maintained national security for the King by raising an army for the Crown
How fully6 marks2024Q25The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066โ1406
How fully does Source C describe the growth of towns and trade in the medieval period?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the growth of towns and trade in the medieval period.
At the beginning of the medieval period most people lived in the countryside on the farms of landowners. By the 12th century, towns were growing around castles and monasteries. As more people began to live in towns, they became centres of trade and industry. Blacksmiths would make a range of goods to sell including clocks. Wool became the most popular item that was traded in medieval towns. This came from sheep that would graze on feudal lands. Agriculture was still important as an industry during this period.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
By the 12th century, towns were growing around castles and monasteries.
As more people began to live in towns, they became centres of trade and industry.
Blacksmiths would make a range of goods to sell including clocks.
Wool became the most popular item that was traded in medieval towns.
Points of significant omission
towns grew when farmers had surplus crops to sell
some towns became well known for selling specific goods, for example, weaving in York
towns could become independent of the Crown by purchasing a Royal Charter
towns grew near waterways or the coast to transport goods
markets selling overseas products grew in popularity which made towns grow
Describe4 marks2024Q41The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
Describe the voluntary system in Britain before 1906.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
friendly societies gave people the opportunity to save for future needs
savings banks encouraged people to save money
the Cooperative Movement allowed poor people access to goods at a cheaper price, making it easier to get food
voluntary hospitals provided healthcare, for example, St Bartholomewโs in London
charities existed to help those in need, for example, Barnardoโs for children
many people were forced to rely on help provided by the workhouse or outdoor relief, for example, the local parish
conditions in the workhouse could be difficult, for example, families could be split up
To what extent9 marks2024Q42The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
How successful were the Liberal Reforms, 1906โ1914, in improving the lives of the British public?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
The young
free school meals made children healthier as this was often the only meal they received each day
medical inspections introduced at school helped to identify health issues earlier
Childrenโs Charter improved welfare as children and young people would no longer be sent to adult prisons
some reforms had limitations, for example, free school meals were voluntary rather than compulsory
The old
pensions improved the lives of the elderly as it helped them to avoid the workhouse
problems with pensions, for example, many people did not live until 70 so did not receive their pension
The sick
National Insurance gave maternity grants following the birth of a child which eased poverty
health insurance did not cover most hospital treatments
families of workers were not covered by health insurance at all
The unemployed
unemployed were helped by National Insurance as some workers received benefits, which helped them stay out of poverty
reforms were time-limited, for example, unemployment benefits only paid for 15 weeks
reforms were targeted at certain industries and did not benefit all workers
Compare the views4 marks2024Q43The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
Compare the views of Sources A and B about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
Investigations identified the people in Britain most at risk of poverty. Evidence proved that children and young people suffered from high levels of poverty meaning that they were too hungry or too weak to learn in school. The old were also a vulnerable group likely to become even poorer because they became too elderly to work. The sick were also at risk of falling into poverty due to the fact that they could not afford medical help if they were ill.
Source B
Sources A and B are about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
Children were a group who were living in such poverty that their basic needs were not being met, including food and shelter. However, they were not the only section of British society who lived in deprivation. Employees who became sick did not receive support, meaning their illnesses would continue, causing families to fall deeper into poverty. Elderly people often fell below the โpoverty lineโ because they were unable to continue working due to their age.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about those groups in Britain most at risk of falling into poverty.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Evidence proved that children and young people suffered from high levels of poverty meaning that they were too hungry or too weak to learn in school.
Source B: Children were a group who were living in such poverty that their basic needs were not being met, including food and shelter.
agree
Source A: The old were also a vulnerable group likely to become even poorer because they became too elderly to work.
Source B: Elderly people often fell below the โpoverty lineโ because they were unable to continue working due to their age.
agree
Source A: The sick were also at risk of falling into poverty due to the fact that they could not afford medical help if they were ill.
Source B: Employees who became sick did not receive support, which meant their illnesses would continue, causing families to fall deeper into poverty.
Explain6 marks2024Q44The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
Explain the reasons why peopleโs experiences during World War II changed attitudes to poverty in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
evacuations showed the extent of poverty in Britain, for example, middle-class families were shocked at the physical condition of children from the cities
the shared experience of serving in the armed forces influenced attitudes to poverty
shared experience of war due to bombings increased mixing of social classes which raised awareness of the problems of the poor
bombings highlighted the need for government intervention in housing
rationing ensured an equal share for all which raised awareness of poverty
the need for increased government involvement as a result of the war, meant attitudes began to change, for example, support for the war-wounded
greater acceptance of government control during wartime was accepted to tackle post-war problems
Beveridge Report (1942) was popular and created the expectation of government intervention
war brought people together and created the determination for a โbetter Britainโ which changed attitudes to poverty
How fully6 marks2024Q45The Making of Modern Britain, 1880โ1951
How fully does Source C describe the housing reforms introduced by the Labour Government by 1951?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the housing reforms introduced by the Labour Government by 1951.
Following a landslide election victory, the Labour Government began the process of planning Britainโs post-war recovery. One of their first tasks was to house the homeless by building prefabricated temporary housing. Labour had some success with building these houses, managing to complete some 157,000 homes. Various laws were passed, including the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act that gave councils more power to plan their community housing. However, by 1951, there was still a serious housing shortage in Britain with 750,000 fewer homes than households.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
One of their first tasks was to house the homeless by building prefabricated temporary housing.
Labour had some success with building these houses, managing to complete some 157,000 homes.
Various laws were passed, including the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act that gave councils more power to plan their community housing.
However, by 1951, there was still a serious housing shortage in Britain, with 750,000 fewer homes than households.
Points of significant omission
New Towns Act (1946) allowed for the building of new towns throughout Britain, for example, East Kilbride
problems with the new towns, for example, they lacked amenities and transport links
the governmentโs aim was to build 200,000 new homes per year, but they never achieved this target
success limited by fewer houses than households meant that some families had to live in former army barracks
Describe4 marks2024Q26War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
Describe the Divine Right of Kings.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
belief that God bestowed on a king the right to rule
the power of the monarchy was the most supreme authority on earth
no-one could challenge the kingโs authority
only God could punish a king
the king did not need to follow the law of the land unless he chose to do so
the king was not subject to the will of his people, for example, the aristocracy
the king was not subject to the commands of the Church
To what extent9 marks2024Q27War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
How important was foreign policy as a reason for the problems in the early years of Charles Iโs reign, 1625โ1629?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Foreign policy failures
a series of foreign policy failures infuriated Parliament, for example, Cadiz, รle de Rรฉ, La Rochelle
failures in foreign policy led to hatred towards Buckingham and his eventual assassination
Character of Charles
Charlesโ strong belief and application of the Divine Right of Kings met with opposition in Parliament (some thought he was moving towards Absolutism)
Charles was not flexible politically, and hated debate from Parliament
Religion
Charles was in favour of the Arminian section of the Church of England which the Puritan minded MPs in Parliament objected to (believed Arminians to be a threat to Protestantism due to the Catholic nature of their services)
Charles appointed leading Arminians into positions of power (Laud, Montagu)
Politics
Charles dismissed Parliament in 1626 over its attempts to impeach Buckingham
Petition of Right was put forward by Parliament in 1628 in response to the illegal taxes and government measures, for example, billeting, martial law, and imprisonment of MPs without a trial
the incident of the Three Resolutions of 1629 led Charles to dismiss the 1629 Parliament
Finance
Charles collected tonnage and poundage even after Parliament voted it should be for one year only
those who opposed the Forced Loans of 1627 were taken to court, for example, Five Knights case 1627
Compare the views4 marks2024Q28War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the coronation of Charles I.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the coronation of Charles I.
Kings of Scotland were typically crowned at Scone, but the Scottish coronation of Charles I took place in Edinburgh. It was based on a type of English church service which included kneeling and richly clothed bishops. This had not been seen in Scotland since the Reformation. After the ceremony, the King returned to the palace to dine privately and did not attend the public events planned for him.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the coronation of Charles I.
The Scottish coronation of Charles I was held with full Church of England practices. This was deeply shocking to the Scots and is perhaps a reason why no official account of the coronation was ever printed in Scotland. Traditionally Scottish kings were crowned at Scone, however, Charles insisted that his coronation be held at Holyrood in Edinburgh. Further insults to the Scots came when Charles did not attend the pre-planned public celebrations after the coronation.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall โ the sources agree about the coronation of Charles I.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Kings of Scotland were typically crowned at Scone, but the Scottish coronation of Charles I took place in Edinburgh.
Source B: Traditionally Scottish kings were crowned at Scone, however, Charles insisted that his coronation be held at Holyrood in Edinburgh.
agree
Source A: It was based on a type of English church service which included kneeling and richly clothed bishops.
Source B: The Scottish coronation of Charles I was held with full Church of England practices.
agree
Source A: After the ceremony, the King returned to the palace to dine privately and did not attend the public events planned for him.
Source B: Further insults to the Scots came when Charles did not attend the pre-planned public celebrations after the coronation.
Explain6 marks2024Q29War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
Explain the reasons why there was opposition to the money-raising methods of Charles I after 1629.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
people resented forest fines that were imposed on people who lived on areas deemed to be former royal forests
Distraint of Knighthood was detested by many
nuisances (City of London) were seen as unfair
people hated the reappearance of monopolies in different forms, for example, soap
recusancy fines were highly enforced which were hated by Catholics
merchants were angered when the Crown gave customs farmers the right to collect larger sums
people disliked the Court of Wards which doubled its income
Plantation of Ulster fines on the City of London were viewed as unfair (1632)
continued collection of Ship Money, especially in inland areas was hated
How fully6 marks2024Q30War of the Three Kingdoms, 1603โ1651
How fully does Source C describe the Battle of Naseby and the New Model Army?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the Battle of Naseby and the New Model Army.
The New Model Army was made up of full-time, paid soldiers. It consisted of cavalry, dragoons, and infantry regiments with over a thousand men in each. Other contemporary armies were regional rather than national. At the Battle of Naseby, the Royalists were beaten by Cromwellโs well-trained cavalry and disciplined soldiers. Around 4500 Royalists were captured, and 1000 killed. A year later the first war ended. Charles would later restart the war, but he was swiftly captured, and the Royalist cause was crushed.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The New Model Army was made up of full-time, paid soldiers.
It consisted of cavalry, dragoons, and infantry regiments with over a thousand men in each.
At the Battle of Naseby, the Royalists were beaten by Cromwellโs well-trained cavalry and disciplined soldiers.
Around 4500 Royalist soldiers were captured, and 1000 killed.
Points of significant omission
New Model Army was led by people with military knowledge and experience
the Self-Denying Ordinance stated that no commanders of the New Model Army could be an MP
Royalist forces were heavily outnumbered by the Parliamentarians at Naseby
at Naseby the Royalists (under Prince Rupert) failed to destroy the Parliamentariansโ baggage train
at Naseby the New Model Army dragoons were concealed behind a long hedgerow, emerging to attack Royalist cavalry
Parliamentarians suffered minimal losses at Naseby (around 200 men)
Describe4 marks2024Q51'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Describe what happened during the Boston Tea Party.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
at the start of the war, the arrival of a British ship carrying tea sparked protests in Boston, for example, the Dartmouth
the Sons of Liberty sent guards to make sure no tea was unloaded
by December, two other ships had arrived, carrying tea from China
a large group of colonists refused to pay taxes on the tea
some Bostonians dressed up as Native Americans and boarded the ships at night
many chests of tea were thrown overboard, for example, 342
a large crowd gathered to watch
a naval warship and troops stationed nearby did not intervene
Compare the views4 marks2024Q52'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Townshend Duties.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Townshend Duties.
The Townshend Duties raised unpopular taxes on the colonists, including duties on lead, paper and tea. Colonial courts were undermined by increasing the power of the British navy's vice-admiralty courts. Britain decided to introduce the new duties to help cover the cost of salaries paid to governors and judges in the colonies. Townshend also moved British troops to the east, where the colonists were forced to provide free accommodation for them.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the Townshend Duties.
The Right Honourable Charles Townshend MP oversaw the enforcing of the Quartering Act. Local communities were offered a small fee for British officers being allowed to stay in their homes. In fact, many people did not object to the Townshend Duties on tea and lead because the amounts raised were so small. The new taxes were introduced to help Britain pay back the debts created by the Seven Years' War.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the Townshend Duties.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The Townshend Duties raised unpopular taxes on the colonists, including duties on lead, paper and tea.
Source B: In fact, many people did not object to the Townshend Duties on tea and lead because the amounts raised were so small.
disagree
Source A: Britain decided to introduce the new duties to help cover the cost of salaries paid to governors and judges in the colonies.
Source B: The new taxes were introduced to help Britain pay back the debts created by the Seven Years' War.
disagree
Source A: Townshend also moved British troops to the east, where the colonists were forced to provide free accommodation for them.
Source B: Local communities were offered a small fee for British officers being allowed to stay in their homes.
Explain6 marks2024Q53'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Explain the reasons why some British people sympathised with the American colonists during the War of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
radicals in Britain supported American demands for reform as they also wanted reform at home, for example, no taxation without representation
radicals in Britain believed that threats to American liberty also threatened their own
many radicals in Britain had close friendships with colonists
some British people were opposed to war in general and disagreed with the government taking up arms
political pamphlets persuaded many British people that the colonists were justified, for example, Tom Paine Common Sense
some British people agreed with American objections to raising taxes for spending in Britain, for example, Edmund Burke
some argued against using force against the colonists as they would not surrender due to their love of freedom
some wanted to appease the colonists rather than resorting to conflict in order to protect trade, for example, merchants
How fully6 marks2024Q54'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why American forces experienced difficulties during the War of Independence?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why American forces experienced difficulties during the War of Independence.
At the start of the war, the militia were unreliable because militiamen only served for a few months at a time. They lacked the training and discipline of regular soldiers. In June 1775, the Continental Congress organised the Continental Army. However, Washington's army was often too small to challenge the British as he had no more than 20,000 men fighting at any one time. The Americans were also at risk of being raided by Native Americans who fought with Britain during the War of Independence.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
At the start of the war, the militia were unreliable because militiamen only served for a few months at a time. (Local militiamen could not be relied upon to fight for long periods of time.)
They lacked the training and discipline of regular soldiers. (Militiamen were not professional soldiers so lacked military knowledge.)
However, Washington's army was often too small to challenge the British as he had no more than 20,000 men fighting at any one time. (American forces were at a disadvantage as they were much smaller than the British army.)
The Americans were also at risk of being raided by Native Americans who fought with Britain during the War of Independence. (American forces faced the threat of surprise attacks from Native American tribes who agreed to fight with the British.)
Points of significant omission
at the beginning of the war, the American army lacked an effective national government to co-ordinate their war effort
the American economy was disrupted by the war leading to shortages of military supplies, for example food, firearms, munitions
American soldiers remained loyal to their individual states and were reluctant to fight elsewhere
a large number of Americans remained loyal to Britain, weakening the American cause
Britain hired mercenary soldiers, putting American forces at a numerical disadvantage, for example, Hessians
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q55'Tea and Freedom': the American Revolution, 1774โ1783
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the impact of French intervention on the War of Independence.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2015.
In 1778, America looked abroad for help in the war against Britain. French intervention meant Britain had to move most of its military resources to defend its territories in Africa, India and the West Indies. French ships arrived in American waters in 1778 which protected American forces from the British navy. French intervention had other benefits for the Americans. Spain joined the war as France's ally and threatened to invade Britain, which weakened the British navy's presence in America.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the War of Independence.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as a published work will have factual information about French intervention in the War of Independence.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to provide a balanced account of the impact of French intervention.
Timing: 2015 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
French intervention meant Britain had to move most of its military resources to defend its territories in Africa, India and the West Indies. (Useful because it is accurate (French intervention did cause Britain to divert attention to the protection of the Empire).)
French ships arrived in American waters in 1778 which protected American forces from the British navy. (Useful because it is accurate (France did send ships to help the American colonists).)
Spain joined the war as France's ally and threatened to invade Britain, which weakened the British navy's presence in America. (Useful because it is accurate (Spain entered the war to support France and led to fears of invasion).)
Points of significant omission
France provided the colonial forces with money to help them continue fighting
France provided other military assistance, for example, troops and gunpowder
the French navy made it difficult for Britain to resupply its forces in America
the French tried to put pressure on Britain by attempting to take British possessions, for example, Jersey, Gibraltar
Describe4 marks2024Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Describe the weaknesses of the League of Nations up to 1933.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
it was associated with the unpopular Treaty of Versailles
the aims of the League were too ambitious
not every country was a member when the League was set up, for example, Germany and Russia
Compare the views4 marks2024Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
On 28 June 1919, the delegates met at the Palace of Versailles to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The main consequence of the Treaty was that Germans blamed the Allied nations for the problems in Germany. Germany claimed they could not afford the reparations demanded by the Treaty. After the war, pressure was put on the German economy because the Weimar Government had to immediately start paying reparations.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
At the end of the First World War, the Allies had met to decide the future of Germany. The reparations set by the Treaty were an amount that Germany could easily pay. The impact of the reparations bill on the German economy was minimised because the final sum was not decided until 1921. Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles led to Germans blaming their own government for their difficulties.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The main consequence of the Treaty was that Germans blamed the Allied nations for the problems in Germany.
Source B: Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles led to Germans blaming their own government for their difficulties.
disagree
Source A: Germany claimed they could not afford the reparations demanded by the Treaty.
Source B: The reparations set by the Treaty were an amount that Germany could easily pay.
disagree
Source A: After the war, pressure was put on the German economy because the Weimar Government had to immediately start paying reparations.
Source B: The impact of the reparations bill on the German economy was minimised because the final sum was not decided until 1921.
Explain6 marks2024Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler wanted to re-arm Germany in the 1930s.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Hitler wanted to abolish the Treaty of Versailles, which severely limited German armed forces
increasing the armed forces would restore the pride of the German people
re-armament would make him popular with army leaders
re-armament would help reduce unemployment in Germany by providing thousands of jobs
Hitler wanted to make Germany safe from invasion by other countries
powerful armed forces would enable him to defy Britain and France over Versailles
Hitler wanted to make Germany a great world power and needed strong military forces to do this
Hitler wanted to secure Lebensraum and needed powerful armed forces to do this
Hitler planned to attack Russia because he hated Communism
How fully6 marks2024Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement up to 1938?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement up to 1938.
Appeasement was necessary because money could not be found for re-armament to fight another war. Some people now thought that given the harsh treatment of Germany at Versailles, Hitler's demands were reasonable. Chamberlain, who had been Chancellor before becoming Prime Minister in 1937, had a reputation as a skilled negotiator. Chamberlain was in favour of face-to-face talks with Europe's leaders and believed he could negotiate directly with Hitler. The British Government took the view that Communist Russia was the real threat to peace in the world.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Appeasement was necessary because money could not be found for re-armament to fight another war. (Britain couldn't afford to go to war with Germany.)
Some people now thought that given the harsh treatment of Germany at Versailles, Hitler's demands were reasonable. (The public thought that Germany's demands over Versailles were reasonable.)
Chamberlain was in favour of face-to-face talks with Europe's leaders and believed he could negotiate directly with Hitler. (Chamberlain thought he could reason with Hitler.)
The British Government took the view that Communist Russia was the real threat to peace in the world. (Communist Russia was perceived to be more of a threat.)
Points of significant omission
Britain had no reliable allies in the event of war, for example, Empire uncertain, France was not trusted, and USA was isolationist
the British public were still traumatised by memories of World War I
many British were unwilling to support military action
chiefs of the armed forces advised that the British military was unprepared for war
the British people wanted to spend money on housing and social care, not re-armament
by appeasing Hitler, Britain bought itself time to re-arm and strengthen the military
there was fear of war due to the likely destruction caused by bombing from the air
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q85Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918โ1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons why Germany declared war on Poland in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008.
After World War One, the creation of Poland meant that large areas of land had been taken from Germany, which they wanted back. It didn't help that millions of Germans were forced to live under Polish rule which angered Hitler. Germany wanted to take back the city of Danzig that had been taken away from them and run by the League of Nations. Nonetheless, Germany signed a non-aggression treaty with Poland in 1934, which made Poland feel safer.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they would be a well-informed expert on Poland and the declaration of war.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it would have been thoroughly researched on the reasons why Germany declared war on Poland.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about the declaration of war.
Timing: 2008 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
After World War One, the creation of Poland meant that large areas of land had been taken from Germany, which they wanted back. (Useful because it is accurate (Germany wanted to regain land taken away from them with the creation of Poland).)
It didn't help that millions of Germans were forced to live under Polish rule which angered Hitler. (Useful because it is accurate (Hitler disliked Germans living under Polish rule).)
Germany wanted to take back the city of Danzig that had been taken away from them and run by the League of Nations. (Useful because it is accurate (Germany wanted the return of Danzig).)
Points of significant omission
the Polish corridor divided East Prussia from the rest of Germany which angered many Germans
the Nazi-Soviet Pact allowed Hitler to attack Poland without repercussions
Hitler did not believe that Britain would help Poland in the event of war
Hitler believed that he would be able to negotiate with Britain
Describe4 marks2024Q76Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Describe government policy towards immigration up to 1928.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the 'Open Door' policy was abandoned after the First World War
immigrants were taken to Ellis Island to be processed before entry to the USA
immigrants who were believed to be criminals were not allowed entry
immigrants who suffered from serious diseases were not allowed entry
literacy tests were introduced to restrict immigration
the Emergency Immigration Act established a quota system
the Immigration Act restricted eastern and southern Europeans and Asian immigrants
Compare the views4 marks2024Q77Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the changing attitudes towards immigrants.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the changing attitudes towards immigrants.
After World War I, there was now a concern in the USA as many immigrants were believed to be uneducated and unskilled. Immigrants were often accused of breaking strikes, which changed attitudes towards them because working rights and pay deteriorated. There was now a growing fear that immigrants would take jobs from American workers. Immigrants also increased the demand for already scarce housing which increased rent prices.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the changing attitudes towards immigrants.
During the 20th century, some immigrants moved to the USA to expand their businesses, so were often liked as they were skilled workers. At the end of World War I there was high unemployment in the USA. However, concerns about immigrants stealing American jobs did not materialise as they mostly worked in undesirable occupations. Increasingly, they were respected as they took part in the trade union movement, which fought for better wages for all workers.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the changing attitudes towards immigrants.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: After World War I, there was now a concern in the USA as many immigrants were believed to be uneducated and unskilled.
Source B: During the 20th century, some immigrants moved to the USA to expand their businesses, so were often liked as they were skilled workers.
disagree
Source A: Immigrants were often accused of breaking strikes, which changed attitudes towards them because working rights and pay deteriorated.
Source B: Increasingly, they were respected as they took part in the trade union movement, which fought for better wages for all workers.
disagree
Source A: There was now a growing fear that immigrants would take jobs from American workers.
Source B: However, concerns about immigrants stealing American jobs did not materialise as they mostly worked in undesirable occupations.
Explain6 marks2024Q78Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Explain the reasons why black Americans migrated North, up to 1945.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
to escape the poverty experienced in the southern states, for example, sharecroppers
to flee the violent actions of the KKK
to avoid the discrimination of the segregation laws, for example, separate schooling
many black Americans were restricted from voting in the South
the agricultural depression caused many black Americans to lose their jobs
they were encouraged by relatives already living in the North
believed that housing in the Northern cities was a better standard
wages were higher in the industrial jobs in the North
more jobs were available in the factories in the North, for example, car manufacture
opportunity for more engagement in politics
the increase of a new black culture in the North, for example, the Harlem Renaissance
How fully6 marks2024Q79Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Martin Luther King was successful in his role as a civil rights leader?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Martin Luther King was successful in his role as a civil rights leader.
King was only 39 when he died, and his political career spanned less than 13 years. During that time, he established a successful civil rights group, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Many Northern white Americans disapproved of the South's open racism, so assisted King's campaigns with money, moral support, and political pressure. King received a lot of publicity after he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. King attained a position of prestige and influence due to his excellent public speaking skills.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
During that time, he established a civil rights group, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). (King set up a civil rights group.)
Many Northern white Americans disapproved of the South's open racism, so assisted King's campaigns with money, moral support, and political pressure. (King was supported by many white Americans.)
King received a lot of publicity after he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. (King became popular internationally.)
King attained a position of prestige and influence due to his excellent public speaking skills. (King was an excellent speaker.)
Points of significant omission
Martin Luther King's use of non-violence created support for his civil rights protests
his leadership led to successful protests, for example, the Montgomery Bus Boycott
his protests encouraged Presidents to become involved in civil rights
his speeches led to a lot of media attention, for example, 'I have a dream' in Washington D.C.
MLK developed campaigning networks making his protests more effective
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q80Free at Last? Civil Rights in the USA, 1918โ1968
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the ghetto riots in the 1960s.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2021.
After 1963, the United States endured violence on a scale not seen since the Civil War. The Harlem riots of 1964 are widely seen as beginning a wave of riots that lasted for years. These urban riots were mostly unplanned, attacking property of white-owned businesses. Groups such as the Black Panther Party used these riots to campaign for control of local resources in Black communities. The continuing unrest served as a message that the civil rights reforms of the mid-1960s were inadequate in solving the problem of racial inequality.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they have expert knowledge of the ghetto riots.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it contains information which is well researched.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it provides detailed information.
Timing: 2021 โ Useful as it has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The Harlem riots of 1964 are widely seen as beginning a wave of riots that lasted for years. (Useful because it is accurate (the Harlem riots started the unrest).)
These urban riots were mostly unplanned, attacking property of white-owned businesses. (Useful because it is accurate (most city riots were mostly spontaneous).)
Groups such as the Black Panther Party used these riots to campaign for control of local resources in Black communities. (Useful because it is accurate (the Black Panthers tried to take advantage of the riots).)
Points of significant omission
thousands were arrested during the riots, for example, 20,000
widespread looting took place during the riots
some riots required thousands of police to bring areas under control, for example, the Watts riot in Los Angeles
police were targeted during the riots as causes of racial inequality
Describe4 marks2024Q61Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Describe the economic problems which the Weimar Republic faced between 1919 and 1933.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Germany was left with huge debts from the war
Germany was given a reparations bill of ยฃ6.6 billion
lack of production in the Ruhr as a result of the French occupation
printing more money to pay striking workers contributed to hyperinflation
value of savings was eroded
hyperinflation caused huge problems for those on fixed incomes because their incomes became worthless
in the mid-1920s reliance on USA loans made the economy vulnerable
Compare the views4 marks2024Q62Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the formation and characteristics of the Weimar Republic.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the formation and characteristics of the Weimar Republic.
The new German republic was established at Weimar in 1919. Its new constitution was clear and easy to understand, strengthening the young democratic government. There were some sensible measures included. Many welcomed the inclusion of Article 48 that gave the President the power to take control in a crisis. Others were happy about Proportional Representation because they felt that the electoral system was very fair.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the formation and characteristics of the Weimar Republic.
A notable characteristic of the republic was Article 48 โ but this was criticised for giving too much power to the President in a crisis. The constitution caused several problems for the new government, not least because it was confusing. People criticised the introduction of a proportional voting system because it allowed small anti-democratic parties into the Reichstag. Eventually, the Nazis were able to use their presence in the Reichstag to overturn the Weimar Constitution.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the formation and characteristics of the Weimar Republic.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Its new constitution was clear and easy to understand, strengthening the young democratic government.
Source B: The constitution caused several problems for the new government, not least because it was confusing.
disagree
Source A: Many welcomed the inclusion of Article 48 that gave the President the power to take control in a crisis.
Source B: A notable characteristic of the Republic was Article 48 โ but this was criticised for giving too much power to the President in a crisis.
disagree
Source A: Others were happy about Proportional Representation because they felt that the electoral system was very fair.
Source B: People criticised the introduction of a proportional voting system because it allowed small anti-democratic parties into the Reichstag.
Explain6 marks2024Q63Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler and the Nazis appealed to many Germans up to 1933.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Nazis offered strong leadership which appealed to people
many were attracted by Hitler's speeches
the strength of the Nazis contrasted with the weakness of the Weimar Republic
Nazi Party ideas appealed to those with memories of Imperial Germany
many agreed with Nazi criticism of the Treaty of Versailles
the wealthy were attracted to their anti-Communist stance
many were impressed by the appearance of the SA
Nazi propaganda succeeded in winning many over
many were impressed by the displays put on at the Nuremberg rallies
many were convinced by the promise to provide jobs
racists were attracted by anti-Semitic rhetoric
the promise to strengthen Germany's military was popular among many
How fully6 marks2024Q64Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Nazis were able to intimidate many Germans between 1933 and 1939?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Nazis were able to intimidate many Germans between 1933 and 1939.
Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933, after which the Nazi Party consolidated its power. By burning books, they sent out a very clear message that opposing views were never acceptable. The public were terrified about telling anti-Nazi jokes as the penalties were so severe. People were pressured into supporting Nazi fundraising by having their name published in the newspaper if they didn't participate. First Dachau and then a number of other concentration camps were established to imprison opponents of the Nazi Government.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
By burning books, they sent out a very clear message that opposing views were never acceptable. (The Nazis made it clear to everyone that different views were not tolerated.)
The public were terrified about telling anti-Nazi jokes as the penalties were so severe. (Even private interactions were monitored.)
People were pressured into supporting Nazi fundraising by having their name published in the newspaper if they didn't participate. (People were compelled to join in Nazi charity fundraising.)
First Dachau and then a number of other concentration camps were established to imprison opponents of the Nazi Government. (Many were imprisoned in camps in which they were treated badly.)
Points of significant omission
the public were frightened that they would be taken away by the Gestapo
the Gestapo encouraged people to denounce others, which was intimidating
Hitler Youth leaders encouraged young people to report non-conformity which frightened people
banning and demonising other parties scared people off political opposition
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q65Hitler and Nazi Germany, 1919โ1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of youth movements and education in Nazi Germany.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2011.
Once they were in power, the Nazis introduced a series of policies which impacted on daily life in Germany. From 1933, Biology was seen as a very important subject, with German children being taught that they belonged to a master race of Aryans. Teachers instructed students that ethnic minorities were inferior, especially groups such as Jews and Slavs. During the Nazi era, pupils were also taught Nazi ideas in their youth organisations.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: a modern historian โ Useful as they are a well-informed expert on youth movements and education in Nazi Germany.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it is likely to have been thoroughly researched about youth movements and education.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about the youth movements and education.
Timing: 2011 โ Useful as written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
From 1933, Biology was seen as a very important subject, with German children being taught that they belonged to a master race of Aryans. (Useful because it is accurate (Nazi racial theory was taught in schools).)
Teachers instructed students that ethnic minorities were inferior, especially groups such as Jews and Slavs. (Useful because it is accurate (Jews and Slavs were categorised as inferior races).)
During the Nazi era, pupils were also taught Nazi ideas in their youth organisations. (Useful because it is accurate (young people were taught Nazi ideas).)
Points of significant omission
humiliation of Jewish children in schools
all teachers had to join the Nazi Teachers Association
in the Hitler Youth boys were prepared for war
in the League of German Maidens girls were taught domestic skills
Describe4 marks2024Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919โ1939
Describe the appeal of the Fascists to the Italian people, up to 1925.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
people liked the anti-Communist and anti-Socialist stance of the Fascists
Fascism promoted traditional family values
ex-soldiers were promised recognition of their service
Fascism seemed to promise effective government
Fascism appealed to those angry with the post war settlement
Compare the views4 marks2024Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919โ1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the opponents of Fascism.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the opponents of Fascism.
There was nothing inevitable about the Fascist takeover after the Great War. However, disagreements among the trade unions meant they were unable to present a united front against Mussolini. The Liberal and Socialist parties did not cooperate in opposing Fascism because they did not realise the significance of its threat. The Socialist party was also hopelessly divided amongst themselves and so unable to campaign against the Fascists.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the opponents of Fascism.
Although Mussolini significantly increased his support in the early 1920s, there was still some political resistance to him. The Liberals and Socialists did manage to work together against the Fascists on some issues, despite their differences. The Socialists were able to offer the most effective alternative to the Fascists although they differed on key political ideas. In 1919 and 1920, trade unions organised a series of strikes which further demonstrated that they were standing strong against the Fascists.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the opponents of Fascism.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: However, disagreements among the trade unions meant they were unable to present a united front against Mussolini.
Source B: In 1919 and 1920, trade unions organised a series of strikes which further demonstrated that they were standing strong against the Fascists.
disagree
Source A: The Liberal and Socialist parties did not cooperate in opposing Fascism because they did not realise the significance of its threat.
Source B: The Liberals and Socialists did manage to work together against the Fascists on some issues, despite their differences.
disagree
Source A: The Socialist party was also hopelessly divided amongst themselves and so unable to campaign against the Fascists.
Source B: The Socialists were able to offer the most effective alternative to the Fascists although they differed on key political ideas.
Explain6 marks2024Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919โ1939
Explain the reasons why many Italians disliked Mussolini's economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many disliked it when trade unions were outlawed
revaluation of the lira in 1927 led to decline in exports
revaluation of the lira had caused unemployment by 1933 causing unpopularity, for example, 2 million unemployed
high tariffs restricted imports, so people were unhappy
real wages fell as a result of Mussolini's policies, so people were unhappy
sick pay and paid holidays were not introduced straight away, so people were unhappy
the failure to make Italy self-sufficient caused anger
the Battle for Grain in central and southern regions attempted more wheat production despite land being unsuitable, which was unpopular in these areas
increasing government control of industry was resented
tenants resented paying more after rent controls were abolished
fruit farmers resented the emphasis on the production of grain
How fully6 marks2024Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919โ1939
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Italy invaded Abyssinia?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Italy invaded Abyssinia.
Mussolini believed that Italy had been cheated out of land after the First World War so he felt entitled to seize territory. He was eager to get hold of raw materials like coal and oil and he needed to find a source for these supplies. Mussolini was desperate to avenge Italian defeat at Adowa in 1896. Abyssinia was already surrounded by the Italian states of Eritrea and Somaliland, which made it vulnerable to attack. On 3 October 1935, Italy launched its invasion.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Mussolini believed that Italy had been cheated out of land after the First World War so he felt entitled to seize territory. (Italy wanted to increase territory.)
He was eager to get hold of raw materials like coal and oil and he needed to find a source for these supplies. (There was a desire to plunder African resources.)
Mussolini was desperate to avenge Italian defeat at Adowa in 1896. (Revenge for past slights was a major factor.)
Abyssinia was already surrounded by the Italian states of Eritrea and Somaliland, which made it vulnerable to attack. (Ease of access encouraged the attack.)
Points of significant omission
Mussolini wanted to show that Italy was an imperial power capable of acting like Britain and France
Mussolini believed that Britain and France would not act to stop him
a successful war abroad could rally support at home
Mussolini wanted to develop export markets for Italian businesses
Mussolini wanted to prove to Hitler that Italy was a powerful country
invasion could provide valuable practice for a possible war in Europe
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q75Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919โ1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the crushing of opposition to Mussolini.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2007.
Although he was in power from 1922, Mussolini did not yet have complete control over the country. In 1924 Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti was murdered by the Fascists after he made a speech condemning Mussolini. In the aftermath of this killing Mussolini moved to establish a dictatorship by banning other political parties. Mussolini was even prepared to use violence outwith Italy to silence his opponents as shown by the murder of the Rosselli brothers in France.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they would be a well-informed expert about the crushing of opposition to Mussolini.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as the book would have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about Mussolini's Italy.
Timing: 2007 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In 1924 Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti was murdered by the Fascists after he made a speech condemning Mussolini. (Useful because it is accurate (Matteotti was killed).)
In the aftermath of this killing Mussolini moved to establish a dictatorship by banning other political parties. (Useful because it is accurate (Italy did become a one-party state).)
Mussolini was even prepared to use violence outwith Italy to silence his opponents as shown by the murder of the Rosselli brothers in France. (Useful because it is accurate (The Rossellis were killed).)
Points of significant omission
hundreds of opponents of the Fascists were killed
the secret police (OVRA) made thousands of arrests
special tribunals produced summary judgements outside the normal court system
opponents were exiled to islands, for example, Lipari, Lampedusa
Describe4 marks2024Q66Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Describe the Russification of national minorities.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Russification enforced Russian culture on national minorities living in Russia
national minorities were made to use Russian in education
Russification caused significant discontent among national minorities, for example, Finland
regional centres of government and institutions were closed down
the Russian Orthodox Church became more important than any other religion
other religious groups objected to the suppression of their freedom to worship, for example, Catholics in Poland
organised attacks (pogroms) took place against Jews and Jewish property
the Tsar supported the Black Hundreds group which attacked national minorities who were seen as disloyal towards the Tsar
Russian was made the language of the law, business and government
Compare the views4 marks2024Q67Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Tsarist government.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Tsarist government.
It was difficult to oppose the Tsar because he was an autocrat โ he had unlimited power. Many powerful groups in Russian society, like the Orthodox Church, believed that the Tsar was the best ruler for the people. Yet there were political groups who wanted reform or revolution. The army was also loyal to the Tsar and enthusiastic in their breaking up of anti-government demonstrations. This form of autocracy would lead to problems for the Tsar.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the Tsarist government.
The Romanov dynasty controlled a vast empire. However, much of the Russian army was conscripted and therefore only supported the Tsar in putting down government opposition because they were forced to. There were also some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church who did not believe that the Tsar's rule was in the interests of the Russian people. It would be untrue therefore to say that the Tsar had limitless authority.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the Tsarist government.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: It was difficult to oppose the Tsar because he was an autocrat โ he had unlimited power.
Source B: It would be untrue therefore to say that the Tsar had limitless authority.
disagree
Source A: Many powerful groups in Russian society, like the Russian Orthodox Church, believed that the Tsar was the best ruler for the Russian people.
Source B: There were also some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church who did not believe that the Tsar's rule was in the interests of the Russian people.
disagree
Source A: The army was also loyal to the Tsar and enthusiastic in their breaking up of anti-government demonstrations.
Source B: However, much of the Russian army was conscripted and therefore only supported the Tsar in putting down government opposition because they were forced to.
Explain6 marks2024Q68Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Explain the reasons why there were challenges to the Tsar's power by 1905.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
there was peasant unrest due to redemption payments
bad harvests made the situation for peasants worse and caused discontent, for example, famine
industrial workers were angry about poor wages
workers were angry about working conditions, for example, long hours
growing number of violent strikes increased opposition to the Tsar
government repression made the situation worse, for example, by arresting leaders
radical politics among university students caused further discontent
defeat in the Russo โ Japanese War led to unrest
some sections of the military become discontented, for example, the Potemkin Mutiny
events of Bloody Sunday in January 1905 led to discontent and strikes
the setting up of the St Petersburg and Moscow Soviets challenged the power of the Tsar
How fully6 marks2024Q69Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
How fully does Source C explain the reasons for the February Revolution of 1917?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons for the February Revolution of 1917.
In 1917, the war was going badly for Russia and the Tsar was blamed for this failure. Most Russians wished for the war to end, whereas the Tsar wished to continue to fight, which lost the Tsar support. Many Russian people were starving, and they did not believe the government were capable of ensuring there was enough food. By early 1917, even the Duma had lost faith in the Tsar and refused to support him. By February of the same year, the Tsar had abdicated in favour of his brother.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
In 1917, the war was going very badly for Russia and the Tsar was blamed for this failure. (The Tsar was blamed for the army's failure.)
Most Russians wished for the war to end, whereas the Tsar wished to continue to fight, which lost the Tsar support. (The Tsar lost support from the Russian people as a result of continuing the war.)
Many Russian people were starving, and they did not believe the government were capable of ensuring there was enough food. (Russians did not believe the Tsar's government could solve food shortages.)
By early 1917, even the Duma had lost faith in the Tsar and refused to support him. (The Duma had stopped supporting the Tsar.)
Points of significant omission
many Russians resented that the Tsar had left the Tsarina in charge because they thought she was a German spy, which lost the Tsar support
the Tsarina allowed Rasputin to influence her decision making which discredited the Tsarist government
continued shortage of weapons and ammunition during First World War further discredited the Tsar's leadership
shortages and poor working conditions led to great discontent and many Russians blamed the Tsar for this
war effort devastated the economy, and the Tsar was blamed for this
the Tsar no longer had the support of the middle classes who now wished for a change in leadership
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q70Red Flag: Lenin and the Russian Revolution, 1894โ1921
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of Lenin's return and the April Theses.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1994.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was important as the leader of the Bolsheviks, a revolutionary party. Before early 1917, Lenin had been in exile all over Europe, most recently Switzerland. Lenin only returned to Russia in April 1917 and he immediately issued the April Theses. Lenin firstly demanded the complete removal of support for the Provisional Government. Another key demand was the nationalisation of all banks in Russia.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as it has been written by an expert on Lenin's return and the April Theses.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it will have been well researched prior to publishing.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it has been written in order to explain the impact of Lenin's return.
Timing: 1994 โ Useful as it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Lenin only returned to Russia in April 1917 and he immediately issued the April Theses. (Useful because it is accurate (Lenin set out the April Theses as soon as he returned to Russia).)
Lenin firstly demanded the complete removal of support for the Provisional Government. (Useful because it is accurate (Lenin did call for the withdrawal of support to the Provisional Government).)
Another key demand was the nationalisation of all banks in Russia. (Useful because it is accurate (Lenin did call for banks to be taken over by the government).)
Points of significant omission
Lenin returned to Russia on a sealed train provided by Germany
Lenin demanded the setting up of Soviets to form the Government of Russia, for example, 'All Power to the Soviets'
the confiscation of all landed estates
Lenin called for an end to the war, for example, Land, Peace and Bread
Describe the political beliefs of the Soviet Union, up to 1955.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the USSR was a Communist society
Soviet leaders said they wanted an equal society
the workers were meant to control the USSR's resources
the Soviet state rejected religion
ownership of private property was generally not allowed
the USSR aimed to spread Communism around the world
the Soviet Union's political beliefs were partly based on the writings of Karl Marx
key industries were nationalised, for example, electricity, agriculture
Compare the views4 marks2024Q92The Cold War, 1945โ1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the setting up of NATO.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the setting up of NATO.
World War Two ended in 1945 but tensions continued in Europe. The decision to set up NATO was very popular and welcomed right across member countries. The key purpose of NATO was to protect Western Europe from Soviet attack. Despite initial reluctance, the Americans had kept their army in Europe after World War Two which led to NATO being established in 1949. In response, the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact with fellow Communist nations.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the setting up of NATO.
With the ending of World War Two, disagreements over the future of Germany and Europe were widely debated among the former allies. The Soviets believed that the USA had always wanted to leave its soldiers in Europe to maintain an American military presence. Joining NATO was not universally welcomed with at least one country having a major riot protesting against membership. Many Soviets felt that NATO's main aim was to invade the USSR.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the setting up of NATO.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The decision to set up NATO was very popular and welcomed right across member countries.
Source B: Joining NATO was not universally welcomed with at least one country having a major riot protesting against membership.
disagree
Source A: The key purpose of NATO was to protect Western Europe from Soviet attack.
Source B: Many Soviets felt that NATO's main aim was to invade the USSR.
disagree
Source A: Despite initial reluctance, the Americans had kept their army in Europe after World War Two which led to NATO being established in 1949.
Source B: The Soviets believed that the USA had always wanted to leave its soldiers in Europe to maintain an American military presence.
Explain the reasons why the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 took place.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Hungarians were angry at the Soviet military presence in their country
many Hungarians had been sent to prison for opposing Soviet control, leading to public anger
the Hungarian secret police (the AVH) caused fear throughout the country and people hoped revolution would end this
religious Hungarians were driven to revolt by limits on the practice of their faith
crop failures and food shortages in Hungary led to public anger and hopes for change
Hungarians wanted Imre Nagy back in power as Hungarian leader
limits on freedoms increased demands for change and reform
Hungarians felt their culture was being undermined leading to public anger, for example, Russian language signs
many Hungarians opposed the policies of hard-line Communist leaders, for example, Mรกtyรกs Rรกkosi
political unrest in Poland inspired many Hungarians to pursue their own revolution
the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 meant some Hungarians hoped the new Soviet regime would be less repressive
USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev (Secret Speech) criticised Stalin's rule, inspiring some Hungarians to overthrow their own government
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the USA became involved in the Vietnam War?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the USA became involved in the Vietnam War.
The USA's involvement in the Vietnam War remains a very controversial event. They feared the rise of anti-American groups as a result of the collapse of French control in south-east Asia. The USA was also driven by a desire to stop the spread of world Communism. The so-called 'Red Scare' in America meant the government wanted to be seen to be taking anti-Communist actions. At first the American public encouraged their government to take action to support democracy in Vietnam.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
They feared the rise of anti-American groups as a result of the collapse of French control in south-east Asia. (USA needed to get involved in Vietnam to stop anti-US groups coming to power.)
The USA was also driven by a desire to stop the spread of world Communism. (USA wanted to ensure Communism did not develop around the world.)
The so-called 'Red Scare' in America meant the government wanted to be seen to be taking anti-Communist actions. (The US government intervened in Vietnam because it wanted to act against Communism.)
At first the American public encouraged their government to take action to support democracy in Vietnam. (Public backing for US intervention in Vietnam prompted the government to take action.)
Points of significant omission
the USA joined the war because of belief in the 'Domino Theory'
China becoming Communist (1949) increased US fears concerning Communism's spread in Asia and elsewhere
USSR and Chinese support for North Vietnam forced the USA to back South Vietnam
US success in stopping the spread of Communism in Korea encouraged similar action in Vietnam
the Gulf of Tonkin incident (when the US claimed North Vietnam attacked its ships) caused US anger and led to increased American military involvement
successful intervention in Vietnam would allow the USA to demonstrate their global strength and power
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q95The Cold War, 1945โ1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons why there were attempts at dรฉtente between the USA and USSR.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1994.
After the death of President Kennedy, various events around the world affected the USA and USSR. America's failure to win in Vietnam caused US fears about their ability to defeat the Soviets. This war and other conflicts caused huge anti-war protests in the USA, which the American government wanted to stop. The Soviet Union was concerned that attempts to control revolts in Eastern Europe were using up their limited resources. By the 1970s, both sides were involved in attempts at dรฉtente.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: a modern historian โ Useful as they will be an expert on attempts at dรฉtente.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as a well-researched account of the dรฉtente era.
Purpose: to educate โ Useful as a detailed account of the reasons for dรฉtente.
Timing: 1994 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
America's failure to win in Vietnam caused US fears about their ability to beat the Soviets. (Useful because it is accurate (America's failure to win in Vietnam meant it wanted to reduce tension with the USSR).)
This war and other conflicts at the time caused huge anti-war protests in the USA, which the American government wanted to stop. (Useful because it is accurate (anti-war protests forced the US government to seek peace).)
The Soviet Union was concerned that attempts to control revolts in Eastern Europe were using up their limited resources. (Useful because it is accurate (the USSR's own internal problems left them seeking to improve US relations).)
Points of significant omission
the growing influence of China forced the Soviets to try and maintain their global power and influence
the USA and USSR both feared nuclear war and took steps to reduce tensions
huge military spending by both sides could not be sustained
the 1970s oil price crisis forced both sides to seek peace due to the economic problems they faced
Describe4 marks2024Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Describe the importance of castles in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
castles offered physical protection
castles allowed lords to control their lands
castles included a great hall, used by the lord to receive guests
castles were a symbol of a lord's power
castles acted as military bases
castles were a centre of law and justice
castles were economic centres, for example, markets
Compare the views4 marks2024Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Compare the views of Sources A and B about weapons and battle tactics.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about weapons and battle tactics.
The life of a knight was focused on the day when their skills could be used in battle. Knights often relied on gathering large armies to defeat their opponents. The main method of attack in battle was the use of heavy cavalry as shock troops to defeat opponents. Many armies fought in a highly organised formation with their archers at the back. This style of fighting was mostly based on European tactics and style of warfare.
Source B
Sources A and B are about weapons and battle tactics.
Armies often faced significant challenges when they were fighting battles in the Middle Ages. Heavily armed knights were rarely used to win battles as they were more often to be found on foot besieging castles. Some armies did not have time to get properly organised and so archers fought outwith their normal battle position. However, knights were often able to win battles despite being outnumbered by their opponents.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about weapons and battle tactics.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Knights often relied on gathering large armies to defeat their opponents.
Source B: However, knights were often able to win battles despite being outnumbered by their opponents.
disagree
Source A: The main method of attack in battle was the use of heavy cavalry as shock troops to defeat opponents.
Source B: Heavily armed knights were rarely used to win battles as they were more often to be found on foot besieging castles.
disagree
Source A: Many armies fought in a highly organised formation with their archers at the back.
Source B: Some armies did not have time to get properly organised and so archers fought outwith their normal battle position.
Explain6 marks2024Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Explain the reasons why the First Crusade was a success.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Crusading ideal meant that Crusaders were motivated and determined
Crusading forces were more united than their opponents allowing them to work together
Crusading forces often consisted of experienced and professional soldiers
the Pope made sure that support for the Crusade was kept high back in Europe
Crusading armies were well led allowing them to win key battles
the Crusaders had support from allies helping them stay supplied
Muslim lands were often vulnerable and not well defended
Muslims were divided religiously so struggled to unite against the Crusaders
Muslim armies were not politically united so they couldn't gather as one force to defeat the Crusaders
How fully6 marks2024Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Crusaders lost the Battle of Hattin?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Crusaders lost the Battle of Hattin.
In 1187, the uneasy peace between the Muslim and Crusader forces had broken down, and they were again at war. Saladin was a skilled general who had worked out how to outwit the Crusaders. The Crusaders could not decide on their tactics and were divided between those who wanted to defend and those who wanted to attack. The Crusaders decided to march and meet the Muslim army, giving up their strong position. The Crusaders marched to battle in the July heat with little access to water.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Saladin was a skilled general who had worked out how to outwit the Crusaders. (Saladin had improved his tactics.)
The Crusaders could not decide on their tactics and were divided between those who wanted to defend and those who wanted to attack. (The Crusaders were divided, weakening their position.)
The Crusaders decided to march and meet the Muslim army, giving up their strong position. (The Crusaders made the mistake of giving up their strong position.)
The Crusaders marched to battle in the July heat with little access to water. (The Crusaders made the mistake of marching in the heat with little water.)
Points of significant omission
Crusader forces were weakened by constant attacks from Muslim archers
Saladin's troops hid the movement of their army by burning the grass near the Crusaders
the Muslim army was larger than the Crusader army
the Crusader knights and infantry were easier to destroy because they became separated
Crusaders had to surrender because they failed to break the Muslim lines
Crusaders lost because of weak leadership, for example, Guy de Lusignan
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q50The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071โ1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of Richard I's military success.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2019.
Richard I took control of the Crusading forces after the unexpected death of the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa. Richard I was a trained and experienced military general with the skills needed to successfully lead soldiers in battle. It seems that he also had a natural talent for fighting and many sources praise his individual fighting skill. He was able to motivate the soldiers under his command through his courage and force of personality, leading to victories in battle.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they will be an expert on Richard's roles in the Crusades.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it will have been well researched.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is designed to give detailed information about Richard's military success.
Timing: 2019 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Richard I was a trained and experienced military general with the skills needed to successfully lead soldiers in battle. (Useful because it is accurate (he was a successful general).)
It seems that he also had a natural talent for fighting and many sources praise his individual fighting skill. (Useful because it is accurate (he was a successful fighter).)
He was able to motivate the soldiers under his command through his courage and force of personality, leading to victories in battle. (Useful because it is accurate (he did motivate soldiers).)
Points of significant omission
he secured bases in Sicily and Cyprus to support his attacks in the Holy Land
developed tactics in raiding and siege craft
military skill was proved when he fought through Muslim lands between Acre and Jaffa
won key battles like Arsuf
he developed tactics that allowed him to keep his army supplied
Describe the problems for settlers travelling West.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
mountains were difficult to cross
settlers experienced extreme weather conditions, for example, sandstorms or blizzards
wild animals could attack travellers
wagon trains often strayed off the trail and became lost
wagons often broke down
high death rate on journey
wagon trains were sometimes attacked, for example, by bandits from Mexico or Native Americans
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the life of homesteaders.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the life of homesteaders.
A homestead was a piece of land given to settlers by the American government to encourage people to move West. Homesteaders lived very isolated lives with their nearest neighbours often being many miles away. The Great Plains were usually very dry and it was difficult to get water, leading to droughts. There was often a lack of medical care as there were few doctors in the West, so many homesteaders died of diseases like cholera.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the life of homesteaders.
After 1850, large numbers of people settled in the Great Plains. Many community activities were organised for homesteaders, which meant that they were not lonely. As more doctors began to move West, all towns had access to medical treatment, leading to fewer deaths from disease. Many homesteaders used windmills to pump water from underground sources meaning they always had a supply. Homesteaders who did not adapt their farming styles often failed, so returned East.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about the life of homesteaders.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Homesteaders lived very isolated lives with their nearest neighbours often being many miles away.
Source B: Many community activities were organised for homesteaders, which meant that they were not lonely.
disagree
Source A: The Great Plains were usually very dry and it was difficult to get water, leading to droughts.
Source B: Many homesteaders used windmills to pump water from underground sources meaning they always had a supply.
disagree
Source A: There was often a lack of medical care as there were few doctors in the West, so many homesteaders died of diseases like cholera.
Source B: As more doctors began to move West, all towns had access to medical treatment, leading to fewer deaths from disease.
Explain the reasons why the Civil War broke out in America.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
North and South disagreed over slavery, causing the war
the South were worried that Lincoln would abolish slavery after his election, leading to war
shots were fired at Fort Sumter leading to fighting
many Southerners believed their state's rights were being infringed leading to war
Southerners objected to the Republican Party election promises causing them to go to war
secession made the war more likely as Southern states started to leave, for example, the role of South Carolina
abolitionists increased tension over slavery, causing the Civil War, for example, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
economic differences created divisions between North and South causing war, for example, agriculture versus industry
tension over the expansion of slavery into the West helped lead to Civil War
Kansas-Nebraska increased tension in the 1850s
legal disputes over slavery, for example, Dred Scott
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Black Codes had a negative impact on the lives of African-Americans?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Black Codes had a negative impact on the lives of African-Americans.
The Black Codes were laws passed in the South after slavery was abolished. States like Mississippi wouldn't allow formerly enslaved people to own property, meaning they couldn't support themselves. However, African-Americans could now marry and sue in court. Previously enslaved people working for whites were made to sign labour contracts that included punishments for breaking them. Unemployed freedmen were punished with severe fines and made to work on plantations if they were unable to pay. Orphaned children of formerly enslaved people were forced to enter into compulsory apprenticeships.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
States like Mississippi wouldn't allow formerly enslaved people to own property, meaning they couldn't support themselves. (Formerly enslaved people could not own land.)
Previously enslaved people working for whites were made to sign labour contracts that included punishments for breaking them. (Formerly enslaved people had to follow strict rules in their job.)
Unemployed freedmen were punished with severe fines and made to work on plantations if they were unable to pay. (Formerly enslaved people could be fined.)
Orphaned children of formerly enslaved people were forced to enter into compulsory apprenticeships. (Orphans were forced into certain jobs.)
Points of significant omission
African-Americans were prevented from voting meaning they were not getting equal rights
African-Americans were not allowed to carry arms meaning they couldn't defend themselves
African-Americans were not allowed to hold meetings after dark meaning they were controlled in their free time
African-Americans needed permission to leave their job meaning they were kept in employment they didn't like
African-Americans were not allowed to move from place to place without a permit
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q60USA, 1850โ1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons for conflict between settlers and Native Americans.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1984.
At first, white settlers had been quite happy for Native Americans to roam the prairies because to them it was just a great desert. In the 1850s, settlers and miners created tension by crossing Native American territory on their way to California and Oregon. The native peoples depended on the buffalo for survival but these were almost hunted to extinction by the settlers. Native Americans were unhappy that settlers began to build farms on the prairies which was traditional burial land.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian โ Useful as they are a well-informed expert about reasons for conflict between settlers and Native Americans.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it is a well-researched account of the problems between Native Americans and the government.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it provides a detailed account of the causes of conflict between settlers and Native Americans.
Timing: 1984 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In the 1850s, settlers and miners created tension by crossing Native American territory on their way to California and Oregon. (Useful because it is accurate (settlers crossing Native land caused friction).)
The native peoples depended on the buffalo for survival but these were almost hunted to extinction by the settlers. (Useful because it is accurate (the Native Americans required buffalo to live causing conflict).)
Native Americans were unhappy that settlers began to build farms on the prairies which was traditional burial land. (Useful because it is accurate (land was taken from Native Americans making them angry).)
Points of significant omission
Native Americans were put into reservations by the American government causing hostility
Native Americans attacked railroads leading to the army attacking villages
breaking of treaties by the American government caused conflict, for example, Laramie
discovery of precious metals led to influx of miners into Native American territory, which caused conflict, for example, Black Hills
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Describe ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A second words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A third words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the town of Dunkirk was surrounded by German troops during the Battle of France
Allied troops were evacuated from Dunkirk, for example, more than 300,000 soldiers
military vessels from different countries helped with the evacuation
a fleet of civilian ships was sent from Britain to help with the evacuation
air battles took place between the RAF and German Luftwaffe
some troops were killed on the beach whilst waiting to be evacuated
not all British and French troops were evacuated
the British military had to abandon most of their weapons and equipment
Compare the views4 marks2024Q87World War II, 1939โ1945
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Operation Barbarossa.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2โ3 points of comparison โ either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Operation Barbarossa.
Prior to Germany's invasion, Stalin had received intelligence from various sources warning him of a possible attack. Germany's attack on Russia during Operation Barbarossa was not as fast as the Nazis had expected. The Russians had made defensive plans for the protection of their country in the event of a German attack. Also, the Russian army had some military advantages over Germany, including having more tanks.
Source B
Sources A and B are about Operation Barbarossa.
In 1939 the Nazis made an agreement with Russia to not attack each other. Unfortunately, this treaty did not last long. German army leaders were correct in predicting that Operation Barbarossa would enable Germany to advance quickly into Russia. This was thanks to Germany's armed forces being stronger in all aspects compared to their Russian rivals. In addition, the Russians were completely unprepared for the German advance.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Compare the views ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.โ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says โdirect quoteโ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says โdirect quoteโ.โ 1โ2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
๐กOne set of points will agree, one will disagree.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall โ the sources disagree about Operation Barbarossa.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Germany's attack on Russia during Operation Barbarossa was not as fast as the Nazis had expected.
Source B: German army leaders were correct in predicting that Operation Barbarossa would enable Germany to advance quickly into Russia.
disagree
Source A: The Russians had made defensive plans for the protection of their country in the event of a German attack.
Source B: In addition, the Russians were completely unprepared for the German advance.
disagree
Source A: Also, the Russian army had some military advantages over Germany, including having more tanks.
Source B: This was thanks to Germany's armed forces being stronger in all aspects compared to their Russian rivals.
Explain the reasons why prisoners of war held by the Japanese experienced difficulties.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
POWs were often held in small, cramped cells which made it difficult to move
prisoners faced harsh punishments for minor reasons, for example, not saluting prison guards
some prisoners were tortured by the prison guards
POWs were expected to do hard labour, for example, the Burma railway
prisoners were susceptible to disease, for example, cholera
prisoners were forced to work in incredibly hot conditions
some prison guards thought that captive soldiers were dishonourable so treated them badly
sick prisoners of war were not given proper medical treatment
people in the camps were not given enough water by the Japanese
prisoners in the camps were not given enough food by their captors
Red Cross parcels were often not passed on to prisoners
escape was almost impossible for the POWs, for example, location of camps
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why some people resisted in Nazi-occupied territories?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why some people resisted in Nazi-occupied territories.
Despite Germany controlling much of Europe, they still faced opposition to their rule. Some people hid Jewish people because they believed the Nazis' anti-Semitism was morally wrong. Many Jews themselves also fought back to try and stop the persecution of their people. This included attacking government officials and more minor examples such as anti-Nazi graffiti. Communist groups hated Nazi ideas and worked to undermine Nazi rule wherever it existed. Sometimes acts of resistance were led by people that had escaped Nazi imprisonment and wanted to stop others suffering this fate.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Some people hid Jewish people because they believed the Nazis' anti-Semitism was morally wrong. (People resisted because they did not agree with the Nazis' treatment of Jews.)
Many Jews themselves also fought back to try and stop the persecution of their people. (Jewish people resisted in the hope of ending the Nazis' anti-Jewish actions.)
Communist groups hated Nazi ideas and worked to undermine Nazi rule wherever it existed. (Communists resisted to try and overcome Nazism.)
Sometimes acts of resistance were led by people that had escaped Nazi imprisonment and wanted to stop others suffering this fate. (Some former prisoners resisted in the hope of saving others.)
Points of significant omission
some people resisted to help ensure that the Nazis were defeated in the war
resistance occurred as many people were angry at the Nazis invading their country
people resisted whose family and friends had been harmed by the Nazis
countries encouraged anti-Nazi resistance, for example, Britain, Free French
many people in occupied countries were impoverished by Nazi rule
introduction of forced labour laws led to widespread resistance to Nazi rule
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q90World War II, 1939โ1945
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of what happened during the 1944 Normandy landings.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source D โ is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1997.
Until 1943, Adolf Hitler and his generals refused to believe that there was any serious risk of attack from the west. Previous Allied attempts to invade France had failed. When D-Day began, the Normandy coast from east to west was filled with thousands of ships carrying soldiers who would land on the beaches. Allied minesweeper boats tried to clear a safe path for these ships. To assist with the landings, Allied parachute units were dropped into Normandy and other parts of France.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: a modern historian โ Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the Normandy landings.
Type of Source: textbook โ Useful as it would be a thoroughly researched account of the Normandy landings.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is a factual account of the Normandy landings.
Timing: 1997 โ Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
When D-Day began, the Normandy coast from east to west was filled with thousands of ships carrying soldiers who would land on the beaches. (Useful because it is accurate (Allied soldiers did disembark boats and land on the beaches).)
Allied minesweeper boats tried to clear a safe path for these ships. (Useful because it is accurate (minesweepers did clear away mines).)
To assist with the landings, Allied parachute units were dropped into Normandy and other parts of France. (Useful because it is accurate (Allied paratroopers did land in France to help with the invasion).)
Points of significant omission
many Allied soldiers were killed as they attempted to land on the beaches
aerial battles took place between the Luftwaffe and RAF
tanks were landed on the beaches and used to provide cover for soldiers
How fully6 marks2024Q5Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
How fully does Source A describe the failure of attempts to reform the Catholic Church?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the failure of attempts to reform the Catholic Church.
By the 1540s, the Catholic Church in Scotland was aware of many of its problems. The Archbishop of St Andrews passed reforms which increased the authority of Bishops but did not do enough to solve many of the problems at a local level. Despite being reprimanded, many priests continued to use money to support their wives and children. The leaders of the Catholic Church were also reluctant to enforce the reforms. These attempts ultimately failed as an increasing number of nobility were choosing Protestantism.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
The Archbishop of St Andrews passed reforms which increased the authority of Bishops but did not do enough to solve many of the problems at a local level.
Despite being reprimanded, many priests continued to use money to support their wives and children.
The leaders of the Catholic Church were also reluctant to enforce the reforms.
These attempts ultimately failed as an increasing number of nobility were choosing Protestantism.
Points of significant omission
pamphlets attempted to make religious faith easier to understand for ordinary people, but many people could not read
Church leaders had become accustomed to comfortable lifestyles and did not want to travel the country enforcing reforms
poorly educated priests struggled to preach the Catholic faith
many priests continued to use Church money to fund their own interests and luxurious lifestyles
the archbishops of St Andrews and Glasgow did not have a good relationship which meant a lack of cooperation when attempting to reform the Church
Mary of Guise needed the support of Protestant nobles and so offered little support for Church reform
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q6Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the growth of Protestantism in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a leaflet written by John Knox in 1559
Source B is from a leaflet written by John Knox in 1559.
This is how George Wishart was executed. The Bishops and their accomplices condemned this popular preacher to death, which increased sympathy for the Protestant faith. The Lords of the Congregation then united to promote the new faith and demand changes to the Church. I, John Knox arrived from France on 2 May 1559 and then went to Dundee, where I preached the reformed faith amongst them.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: John Knox โ Useful as he was an eyewitness, one of the leaders of the Reformation in Scotland.
Type of Source: leaflet โ Useful as the leaflet would have been widely distributed.
Purpose: to persuade โ Useful as it is showing how Protestants tried to convince people of their faith.
Timing: 1559 โ Useful as written at the beginning of Reformation.
Content
The Bishops and their accomplices condemned this popular preacher to death, which increased sympathy for the Protestant faith. โ Useful because it is accurate (Catholic Bishops did burn reformers who were spreading Protestantism such as George Wishart).
The Lords of the Congregation then united to promote the new faith and demand changes to the Church. โ Useful because it is accurate (Scottish Lords did unite to promote Protestantism).
I, John Knox arrived from France on 2 May 1559 and then went to Dundee, where I preached the reformed faith amongst them. โ Useful because it is accurate (John Knox did arrive in Scotland in 1559 to preach the Protestant faith).
Possible points of significant omission
English language bibles were distributed in Scotland in the 1540s, encouraging the Protestant faith
George Wishart inspired future Protestant leaders such as John Knox
Scottish nobles objected to Mary of Guise's relationship with Catholic France, helping the growth of Protestantism
Protestant congregations began to meet for worship
Explain6 marks2024Q7Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
Explain the reasons why Mary's marriages caused her problems in ruling Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Mary's marriage to Darnley caused nobles to rebel because he was an unpopular choice
Mary's marriage to Darnley lost her the support of her half-brother James Stewart in governing Scotland
Darnley's behaviour reflected badly on Mary, for example, drinking and infidelity
Darnley and leading nobles were involved in Riccio's murder undermining Mary's authority
Bothwell was believed to be responsible for Darnley's murder, and led to Mary being accused of being part of the conspiracy
Mary married Bothwell very soon after Darnley's murder, which led to criticism
the wedding was a Protestant ceremony which upset Catholics within the country and overseas
despite being a Protestant, Bothwell was not popular among the nobility or the Protestant Lords, which caused tension
the Protestant Lords raised arms against Mary and Bothwell, which placed Mary in danger, for example, Carberry Hill, Edinburgh, 1567
Mary was taken prisoner and publicly humiliated, which damaged her authority
To what extent9 marks2024Q8Mary Queen of Scots, and the Reformation, 1542โ1587
How important was Mary's involvement in Catholic plots as a reason for her trial and execution in 1587?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Catholic Plots
The Ridolfi Plot planned to depose Elizabeth and replace her with Mary (1571)
The Throckmorton plot planned the murder of Elizabeth and replacement with Mary (1583)
The Parry Plot where the double agent William Parry planned to kill Elizabeth in a private meeting or by ambushing her (1585)
Babington, an English Catholic nobleman, plotted to restore the Catholic religion by placing Mary on the English throne (1586)
Mary's letters to Babington were intercepted by Elizabeth's spies and demonstrated her guilt
Succession
Catholics supported Mary as the rightful queen, threatening Elizabeth
Mary claimed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth
Elizabeth did not trust Mary and refused to consider her as her heir
Religion
Protestants believed that Mary was a threat due to being a Catholic
Mary's continued existence was a threat to Elizabeth as it was thought she would encourage Catholic opposition to Elizabeth in England
How fully6 marks2024Q13Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
How fully does Source A describe the patterns of settlement for immigrants in Scotland, up to 1939?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the patterns of settlement for immigrants in Scotland, up to 1939.
After 1830, thousands of poor Irish settled in Glasgow after landing on the west coast. Many Irish had been forced to leave their homeland due to the famine during the 1840s. Protestant Irish established themselves in shipbuilding communities along the Clyde. They were joined by groups of Lithuanians who found work in the mines of Lanarkshire. Jewish communities were established in Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Falkirk, Greenock and Ayr where they built their own businesses. Many different immigrant groups also travelled south of the border to England.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
After 1830, thousands of poor Irish settled in Glasgow after landing on the west coast.
Protestant Irish established themselves in shipbuilding communities along the Clyde.
They were joined by groups of Lithuanians who found work in the mines of Lanarkshire.
Jewish communities were established in Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Falkirk, Greenock and Ayr where they built their own businesses.
Points of significant omission
the Gorbals in Glasgow was an area of settlement for many Jewish people
some immigrants settled in more affluent areas of Glasgow, for example, Pollokshields, attracted richer Jewish people
other Irish found work on farms in places like Stirlingshire and Perthshire
whole families of Irish immigrants often found employment working in factories, for example, textile factories in Dundee
many immigrants settled in large communities, for example, Italians
many immigrants were forced to live in the poorer parts of cities, for example, the East End of Glasgow
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q14Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the importance of religion to the Irish community in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a letter written by an Irish Catholic priest in Scotland in 1862
Source B is from a letter written by an Irish Catholic priest in Scotland in 1862.
The Catholic Irish community has faced problems in Scotland. Many left Ireland hoping for a better life in Scotland. To help, we have built Catholic churches to serve our local communities and provide places of worship and safety. Many Catholic Irish are forced into low paid work in squalid conditions and live in poor housing. Priests, like me, have supported families with finding accommodation. Religious charities like St. Vincent de Paul have provided significant help to many impoverished Irish people suffering terrible hardship.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Irish Catholic priest โ Useful as it is from an eyewitness to the Irish Catholic community in Scotland.
Type of Source: letter โ Useful as it is likely to give a personal opinion of the importance of religion to the Irish.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it provides a detailed account of the importance of the Church to Irish Catholics.
Timing: 1862 โ Useful as it is a primary source from the time Irish immigrants were settling in Scotland.
Content
To help, we have built Catholic churches to serve our local communities and provide places of worship and safety. โ Useful because it is accurate (Catholic churches were built for the Catholic community to worship).
Priests, like me, have supported families with finding accommodation. โ Useful because it is accurate (priests did assist families to find accommodation).
Religious charities like St. Vincent de Paul have provided significant help to many impoverished Irish people suffering terrible hardship. โ Useful because it is accurate (religious charities did provide financial support).
Possible points of significant omission
priests or ministers provided practical help with writing letters back home
the Catholic and Protestant Churches provided a place for social gatherings
the Church helped to provide schooling for Catholic children
football teams were formed by Catholic priests to raise money and to bring the community together, for example, Celtic
Explain6 marks2024Q15Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
Explain the reasons why Scots were attracted to emigrate to new lands between 1830 and 1939.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
free or cheap land was offered to emigrants, for example, Canada and USA
opportunity to own their own land, for example, Australia
land agents promoted the benefits of moving abroad
opportunities for social mobility, for example, American Dream
better paid jobs abroad, for example, engineering, granite workers
career opportunities, for example, administrators, civil servants
letters from families and friends abroad encouraging emigration
churches encouraged emigration to Christian communities, for example, Dunedin
To what extent9 marks2024Q16Migration and Empire, 1830โ1939
To what extent was their role in politics the most important impact of Scots abroad?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Politics
some Scots became important politicians, for example, Andrew Fisher, Australia
Scots led policies that discriminated against indigenous people, for example, John Alexander MacDonald in Canada
Education
Scots set up new schools and colleges, for example, John Dunmore Lang opened the Australian College
Finance
Scots developed banking, for example, George Smith in Chicago
Agriculture
Scots helped develop large scale sheep farming, for example, Australia and New Zealand
Scots violently displaced indigenous people to acquire land, for example, Mฤori in New Zealand
Transport
establishment of railroads, for example, the Canadian Pacific Railroad in the 1880s was established by George Stephen
Culture
influence of Scottish music and language
Scots led policies which attacked indigenous people's culture, for example, India
Industry
many Scots became involved in mining, for example, gold, silver, coal in Australia, the USA
some Scots established iron and steel companies, for example, Andrew Carnegie in the USA
Local population
Scots launched brutal assaults on Aboriginal Australians
How fully6 marks2024Q17The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
How fully does Source A describe the use of technology on the Western Front, 1914โ1918?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the use of technology on the Western Front, 1914โ1918.
One military tactic used before the Great War was the cavalry charge. However, technology led to different weapons being used in the War. One weapon was poison gas that blew into opposing trenches and forced soldiers out of their defences. Mustard gas was used to burn and blind soldiers. The invention of effective gas masks meant that gas became a less effective weapon on the Western Front. The use of gas often failed if the wind changed direction and it blew back onto the troops that had released it.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
One weapon was poison gas that blew into opposing trenches and forced soldiers out of their defences.
Mustard gas was used to burn and blind soldiers.
The invention of effective gas masks meant that gas became a less effective weapon on the Western Front.
The use of gas often failed if the wind changed direction and it blew back onto the troops that had released it.
Points of significant omission
the flame thrower caused terror among the enemy
machine guns could fire hundreds of bullets per minute
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q18The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the restrictions of the Defence of the Realm Act.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a diary written by a Scottish shipyard worker in 1918
Source B is from a diary written by a Scottish shipyard worker in 1918.
Many of us are happy about the increase in work and orders, but there are also some who complain about restrictions. The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) allows the government to tell us workers which employer we can work for. We could be made to move to different parts of Scotland depending on where there is a shortage of skills. Also, we are banned from going on strike, which is our right!
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Scottish shipyard worker โ Useful as they were an eyewitness to the restrictions of DORA.
Type of Source: diary โ Useful as it will be a truthful account of their experience of the restrictions of DORA.
Purpose: to record anger at DORA restrictions โ Useful as it is not likely to be exaggerated.
Timing: 1918 โ Useful as it was written during the period of the restrictions of DORA.
Content
The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) allows the government to tell us workers which employer we can work for. โ Useful because it is accurate (DORA did restrict where workers worked).
We could be made to move to different parts of Scotland depending on where there is a shortage of skills. โ Useful because it is accurate (DORA did require some workers to move).
Also, we are banned from going on strike, which is our right! โ Useful because it is accurate (workers lost rights such as the right to strike).
Possible points of significant omission
DORA restricted freedom of speech through censorship, for example, Vanguard and Forward magazines were restricted
DORA restricted the sale of alcohol
DORA banned the sale of certain items, for example, binoculars, fireworks
DORA restricted movement around railways and docks, for example, Forth Rail Bridge and Orkney
Explain6 marks2024Q19The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
Explain the reasons why the Great War had an impact on fishing and agriculture, 1914โ1928.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
there was an increased demand for uniforms which led to a boom in wool production
there was a shortage of agricultural workers which led to higher wages
the war changed the crops that were grown, for example, less meat was produced
many farms had a shortage of workers and so employed more women
the navy took control of many fishing boats and restricted where boats could fish
some fishing boats were converted into mine sweepers looking for sea mines, which meant fewer fish were caught
German U-boats patrolled the North Sea which meant that fishing was reduced
many fishing boats were damaged during the war and weren't replaced
the fishing industry declined due to a loss of foreign markets which led to unemployment
after the war, there was an increase in foreign competition which made fishing and agriculture less profitable
To what extent9 marks2024Q20The Era of the Great War, 1900โ1928
To what extent was the suffragist campaign the main reason why some women won the vote in 1918?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
The suffragist campaign
suffragists used peaceful and legal campaigning methods to promote votes for women, for example the Women's Freedom League
suffragists had a large and more inclusive membership, giving them a powerful voice
the suffragists were supported by well-known Scottish MPs, for example, Keir Hardie
some feel that suffragist tactics were too easy to ignore, for example, during the boycott of the 1911 Scottish census
some well-known and effective suffragists made a big impact in the campaign for women's votes, for example, Dr Elsie Inglis
The suffragette campaign
the Suffragettes used violent campaigning methods to raise awareness
some suffragette tactics were peaceful, such as organising marches. For example, the 1909 march along Princes Street in Edinburgh
many suffragettes were arrested and force-fed, creating sympathy for their cause. For example, many were force-fed at Perth prison
the suffragettes stopped their violent campaigning during the war, gaining support
Women's war work
women filled many key roles during the war, gaining respect as they provided a vital war service, for example in the munitions factory at Gretna
Improvements to women's education
women had been increasingly educated so the argument that they were not qualified to vote didn't work. For example, Chrystal Macmillan was one of the first women to graduate in Science from a Scottish university
How fully6 marks2024Q9The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
How fully does Source A describe the Darien Scheme?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the Darien Scheme.
During the voyage to Darien, 44 colonists died and many more passed away shortly after arrival in the colony. This was not a particularly bad casualty rate for journeys at this period of time. The Company wasted shareholder money as they overpaid for the ships for the voyage. When they arrived, settlers had limited drinking water as Darien had very little rainfall. The area was full of diseases which killed many settlers, including malaria and yellow fever.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
During the voyage to Darien, 44 colonists died and many more passed away shortly after arrival in the colony.
The Company wasted shareholder money as they overpaid for the ships for the voyage.
When they arrived, settlers had limited drinking water as Darien had very little rainfall.
The area was full of fatal diseases which killed many settlers, including malaria and yellow fever.
Points of significant omission
the majority of ships were lost to the Scheme, for example, only 1 ship ever returned to Scotland
company directors were inexperienced in setting up colonies
there was no insurance for any of the ships
King William did not allow English or foreign investment
the Scots had inappropriate goods to trade with on the first voyage
the success of the Darien Scheme was hampered by the hostility of the Spanish
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q10The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons why some Scots supported Union.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a letter written by a supporter of Union in 1705
Source B is from a letter written by a supporter of Union in 1705.
England has freedom and liberty, joining in union with them is the best way to secure the same for Scotland. I see no other way of achieving future peace than by uniting our two kingdoms in the same parliament. The English Parliament is pushing for union as it guarantees England protection against Catholic France. However, Scotland would still benefit as it will gain free trade with the English colonies, which will increase our riches.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: a supporter of Union โ Useful as it is an eyewitness account of someone who supported Union.
Type of Source: letter โ Useful as it is a personal account.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it is intended to give reasons for supporting Union.
Timing: 1705 โ Useful as it is written when debates about Union were happening in Scotland.
Content
England has freedom and liberty, joining in union with them is the best way to secure the same for Scotland. โ Useful because it is accurate (some thought Union would enhance Scotland's freedoms).
I see no other way of achieving future peace than by uniting our two kingdoms in the same parliament. โ Useful because it is accurate (some thought Union would keep peace with England).
However, Scotland would still benefit as it will gain free trade with the English colonies, which will increase our riches. โ Useful because it is accurate (some thought Union would provide access to English trade networks).
Possible points of significant omission
Union would help to secure the Protestant succession
Union would protect the Kirk
Union would prevent an English invasion of Scotland
Scottish ships would be protected by the English Navy
Explain6 marks2024Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
Explain the reasons why the Scots passed the Treaty of Union.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
money was sent to Scotland from England to ensure the passing of the treaty, for example, the Earl of Glasgow
many Scottish nobles were persuaded through personal gains, for example, pensions and promotions
Queen Anne was determined to form a union between the two countries
the Equivalent was appealing as compensation for taking on English debt
MPs who had lost money in the Darien Scheme lobbied in parliament for the passing of the treaty
the role of the Squadrone Volante helped to pass key articles
the English army was stationed on the border which pressured the Scots
Hamilton, the opposition leader, was weak in his opposition in Parliament
Hamilton refused to walk out of Parliament which helped the bill being passed
most Scottish Commissioners were from the Court Party who controlled the debates in Parliament
the debates were dominated by members of the landed classes who voted in their self interest
To what extent9 marks2024Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689โ1715
To what extent was religion the most important reason for the Jacobite rebellion of 1715?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Religion
Catholics wanted the return of a Catholic King in Scotland
Episcopalians did not want the Presbyterian church to dominate Scotland
Intimidation
some landowners used the threat of force to ensure their tenants supported the rebellion
Dislike of the Union
James Stuart (the 'Old Pretender') gained support as he promised to end the Union
Union had not lead to economic prosperity for many
Self interest
some had lost their positions after Union
if the rebellion was successful, participants would receive land, money, and titles
Foreign support
Jacobites believed that the French would support a rebellion
Jacobites believed that street disturbances in England showed support for rebellion
How fully6 marks2024Q1The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
How fully does Source A describe the succession problem following the death of King Alexander III?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) โ then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the succession problem following the death of King Alexander III.
The tragic death of Alexander III caused problems for Scotland. Alexander had no living children to succeed him. Alexander was killed riding through a storm to visit his new queen in Kinghorn. After his death, there was a strong fear of civil war. Fearing that Scotland would fall under English control, some Scottish nobles met in Scone to discuss the problem. It was decided that Alexander's only living relative, his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway, would become Queen of Scotland.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
How fully ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission โ your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.โ needed for full marks
Source X says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says โdirect quoteโ which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnโt mention fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
๐กUse the source AND recall.
๐กQuote and then explain โ show you understand it, donโt just repeat it.
๐กYou must make a judgement (e.g. โthe source partly explainsโฆโ) or you are capped at 2 marks.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
Alexander had no living children to succeed him.
After his death, there was a strong fear of civil war.
Fearing that Scotland would fall under English control, some Scottish nobles met in Scone to discuss the problem.
It was decided that Alexander's only living relative, his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway, would become Queen of Scotland.
Points of significant omission
Scottish nobles feared a female monarch could lead to problems over choosing a future husband
six Guardians were chosen to rule Scotland
Margaret died on her way to Scotland
John Balliol, Robert Bruce and others claimed rights to the throne
Edward I was asked to choose a new king of Scotland
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q2The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Edward I's subjugation of Scotland in 1296.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) โ then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence โ tap the text:
Source B โ from a letter written by John Balliol to Edward I in 1296
Source B is from a letter written by John Balliol to Edward I in 1296.
To King Edward I of England, from King John of Scotland. You have entered the realm of Scotland and have committed violent acts against us and the defenceless people of Berwick. In a warlike manner you have committed acts of brutal slaughter and burning in Dunbar. I cannot remain in your homage and so take back the pledges given to you. You have travelled north through Scotland, seizing castles and burning villages. This grieves us greatly.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Evaluate the usefulness ยท Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
๐Content โ what the source says
๐ซOmission โ what the source leaves out
โ๏ธAuthor โ who wrote it
๐Timing โ when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says โ_____โ. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.โ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.โ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.โ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.โ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
๐กYou can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: John Balliol โ Useful as he was an eyewitness and King of Scotland.
Type of Source: letter โ Useful as it is likely to give an opinion about Edward's subjugation of Scotland.
Purpose: to inform โ Useful as it provides a detailed account of Edward's subjugation of Scotland.
Timing: 1296 โ Useful as it was written during Edward's subjugation of Scotland.
Content
You have entered the realm of Scotland and have committed violent acts against us and the defenceless people of Berwick. โ Useful because it is accurate (Edward's army did attack Berwick).
In a warlike manner you have committed acts of brutal slaughter and burning in Dunbar. โ Useful because it is accurate (Edward's army did attack Dunbar).
You have travelled north through Scotland, seizing castles and burning villages. โ Useful because it is accurate (Edward's army did seize castles and burn villages).
Possible points of significant omission
Edward I appointed English nobles to govern Scotland
Edward I captured many Scottish nobles and Guardians
Edward I forced Balliol to surrender, stripping him of his royal insignia
Edward I removed important records and symbols from Scotland, for example, Crown Jewels, Stone of Destiny
Explain6 marks2024Q3The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
Explain the reasons why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297.
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
Explain ยท Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that โฆโ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Scots positioned on high ground giving them an advantage, for example, Abbey Craig
chose battleground well, for example, knew marshy ground would not be suited to the English cavalry
the Scots had good leadership, for example, Wallace, Moray
the English were overconfident which meant that they underestimated the Scots
the English were missing experienced commanders
the English army got trapped in the loop of the river
Cressingham rejected easier options for crossing the river, for example, the Ford of Drip
Cressingham wanted the battle to be over quickly to save money which meant that they rushed decisions
English start to the battle was chaotic, revealing their plans to the Scots
the Scots attacked before all the English army had crossed the bridge
To what extent9 marks2024Q4The Wars of Independence, 1286โ1328
To what extent was Bruce's victory at Bannockburn the main reason for his success in gaining independence by 1328?
WFQ = words from the question โ reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
๐ RAT sheet โ how to structure your answerโพ
To what extent / How important / How successful ยท Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.โ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.โ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why โ does not need to be new].โ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge โ 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
๐กIt is asking: one factor is a reason โ but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
๐กEach fact you add (including every "Alsoโฆ") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief โ up to 5.
โ Reveal marking schemeโพ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions โ other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Victory at Bannockburn
Bruce's victory consolidated his kingship in Scotland
Bruce's defeat of a larger English force increased his support
Defeat of Scottish enemies
Bruce killed main rival John Comyn in 1306
Bruce defeated another main opponent, the Earl of Buchan, in 1308
Bruce defeated the MacDougalls in 1308, further consolidating his power
Capture of castles
Bruce damaged castles so that they couldn't be recaptured by the English
by 1314, Bruce had managed to recapture all of the Scottish castles from the English, apart from Stirling and Berwick
Defeat of English enemies
Bruce gained support in Scotland through defeat of small English forces, for example, Glen Trool, Loudoun Hill
death of Edward I who was Bruce's most formidable enemy
Support from the Church
in 1309 Scottish bishops officially announced their support for Bruce in the Declaration of the Clergy
Diplomatic successes
Declaration of Arbroath showed support for Bruce from Scottish nobles
The Treaty of Edinburgh โ Northampton recognised Scotland as an independent country
