World Powers

USA

1. One political representative that US citizens have are senators. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One political representative that US citizens have are senators. Each of the 50 states have two senators to represent the citizens living in the state. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One political representative that US citizens have are senators. Each of the 50 states have two senators to represent citizens living in the state. For example, in the state of New York, the current senators are Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. President
2. members of the House of Representatives
3. state governors
4. state legislators
5. mayors.

CHINA

1. One political representative that Chinese citizens have are provincial representatives. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One political representative that Chinese citizens have are provincial representatives. Each province has its own government, which is directly controlled by the Communist Party. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One political representative that Chinese citizens have are provincial representatives. Each province has its own government, which is directly controlled by the Communist Party. For example, in the province of Gansu these provincial representatives include the members of the Gansu Provincial People's Government as well as the members of the Gansu Provincial People's Congress. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Central Committee
2. Politburo
3. Politburo Standing Committee
4. Members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
5. National People's Congress delegates.

USA

1. One way that the USA has political influence on other countries is due to their global leadership. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that the USA has political influence on other countries is due to their global leadership. The USA is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the decision-making processes. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way that the USA has political influence on other countries is due to their global leadership. The USA is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the decision-making processes. US influence in the UN, G20 and World Health Organisation allows it to shape policies on issues ranging from peacekeeping and climate change to human rights. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. participation in NATO
2. diplomacy
3. global presence
4. influence on international agreements.

SOUTH AFRICA

1. One way that South Africa has political influence on other countries is due to them being a key player in the African Union. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that South Africa has political influence on other countries is due to them being a key player in the African Union. This is the continent's leading diplomatic and political body. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way that South Africa has political influence on other countries is due to them being a key player in the African Union. This is the continent's leading diplomatic and political body. South Africa has been key in promoting the goals of African unity, economic progress and peace. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. role in the Pan-African movement
2. peacekeeping
3. conflict mediation
4. powerful economy
5. member of the UN
6. BRICS.

USA

1. One reason why some people are more economically successful in the USA is due to having access to better education. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some people are more economically successful in the USA is due to having access to better education. In more affluent areas, schools have more resources and better quality of teachers due to increased funding through taxation. For example, many White and Asian students attend schools that are well equipped and offer greater opportunities for academic attainment as well as extra-curricular achievements. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. well-paid jobs
2. skill level
3. race
4. gender
5. health care provision/insurance
6. housing.

BRAZIL

1. One reason why some people are more socially successful in Brazil is due to having access to better housing. Housing in Brazil varies significantly depending on what you are able to afford within the region or city in which you live. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
2. One reason why some people are more socially successful in Brazil is due to having access to better housing. Housing in Brazil varies significantly depending on the region or city in which you live. The wealthiest people in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo have access to luxury housing with facilities including swimming pools, gyms and spas compared to those living in the favelas who often have poor sanitation, unreliable electricity and lack of running water. This can often impact directly on the health of Brazilians. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. physical and mental health
2. social appearance and status
3. income inequality
4. social mobility
5. social networks
6. educational attainment
7. race
8. gender.

USA

1. One way that the US Government has attempted to tackle social and economic issues is through the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that the US Government has attempted to tackle social and economic issues is through the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan. This has attempted to cancel student debt. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way that the US Government has attempted to tackle social and economic issues is through the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan. This has attempted to cancel student debt. President Biden introduced this, and it has helped approximately four million people. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
2. Success for All (Education Reform)
3. Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
4. minimum wage
5. Affordable Connectivity Programme.

SOUTH AFRICA

1. One way that the South African Government has attempted to tackle social and economic issues is through the National School Nutrition Programme. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that the South African Government has attempted to tackle social and economic issues is through the National School Nutrition Programme. This gives one nutritious meal a day to all learners in poorer primary and secondary schools. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way that the South African Government has attempted to tackle social and economic issues is through the National School Nutrition Programme. This gives one nutritious meal a day to all learners in poorer primary and secondary schools. This also involves school food gardens growing their own food and volunteers and parents run the kitchen. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. teacher laptop initiative
2. Read to Lead campaign
3. Ideal Clinic Programme
4. National Health Insurance
5. Antiretroviral (ARV) Treatment Programme.

USA

1. One cause of social issues in the US is the lack of access to health care. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One cause of social issues in the US is the lack of access to health care. A high number of Americans still find it difficult to access medical treatment due to cost. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poor education
2. poor housing
3. criminal activity
4. immigration.

SOUTH AFRICA

1. One cause of economic issues in South Africa is unemployment. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One cause of economic issues in South Africa is unemployment. This is often due to a lack of educational attainment. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One cause of economic issues in South Africa is unemployment. This is often due to a lack of educational attainment. The official unemployment rate is 33.5%. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poverty
2. lack of investment
3. climate change shocks
4. corruption
5. poor infrastructure.

USA

1. Underrepresentation is an issue in US politics because many ethnic minorities, such as Black Americans, feel politically excluded and believe that their views do not matter. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Underrepresentation is an issue in US politics because many ethnic minorities, such as Black Americans, feel politically excluded and believe that their views do not matter. In the 118th Congress there are only 60 Black Americans out of 535 members (Senate and House of Representative — 2023). (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Underrepresentation is an issue in US politics because many ethnic minorities, such as Black Americans, feel politically excluded and believe that their views do not matter. In the 118th Congress there are only 60 Black Americans out of 535 members (Senate and House of Representative — 2023). This means that Black Americans will think their concerns and problems will not be taken seriously by law makers as they are not well represented in this institution and as a result will be less likely to participate in politics. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

BRAZIL

1. Underrepresentation is an issue in Brazilian politics because women feel politically excluded and believe that their views do not matter. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Underrepresentation is an issue in Brazilian politics because women feel politically excluded and believe that their views do not matter. In the Chamber of Deputies only 17.5% of the 513 members are women. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. gender bias
2. lack of role models
3. language barriers
4. homophobia
5. educational attainment/lack of qualifications
6. cost of the political campaign
7. media profiles.

BRAZIL

1. One economic influence Brazil has on other countries is that it regularly gives export credits to other Latin American countries. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic influence Brazil has on other countries is that regularly gives export credits to other Latin American countries. In recent years, the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) has provided US$5 billion worth of loans to countries in the region. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. exports
2. trade
3. World's third largest agricultural and food export
4. World's primary source of coffee, oranges, and cassava (manioc) and a major producer of sugar, soy, and beef
5. Brazil possesses the third largest economy (US $1.92 trillion in 2022) and the second largest population (215 million) in the Western Hemisphere
6. BRICS — investment opportunities.

USA

1. One military influence the US has on other countries is spending the most money on defence. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One military influence the US has on other countries is spending the most money on defence. This means that the US has the best and most technologically advanced military in the world compared to other countries which means other countries will not want to go to war with them. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One military influence the US has on other countries is spending the most money on defence. This means that the US has the best and most technologically advanced military in the world compared to other countries which means other countries will not want to go to war with them. For example, the US spent over $997 billion on defence in 2024 and recently announced their 'Golden Dome' missile programme. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Military
2. membership of NATO
3. founding member of United Nations.
4. Political
5. membership of international organisations, such as G7
6. global superpower
7. political leadership.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The world power that I have studied is the United States of America. One key feature of their political system is the separation of powers. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The world power that I have studied is the United States of America. One key feature of their political system is the separation of powers. This is the rule that all three branches of government must be separate and no individual can belong to more than one branch. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The world power that I have studied is China. One key feature of the Chinese political system is the Politburo. This is the top-level decision-making body in China made up with the highest-ranking members of the Communist Party. For example, at the 2022 National People's Congress, the Politburo backed Xi Jinping to become the nation's president for a third term. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following — USA:

1. the Constitution
2. check and balances
3. the Bill of Rights
4. branches of government.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — CHINA:

1. National People's Congress (NPC)
2. village committees
3. Local People's Congress.

SOUTH AFRICA

1. South Africa has an economic influence on other countries because it is a key member of the African Continental Free Trade Area. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. South Africa has an economic influence on other countries because it is a key member of the African Continental Free Trade Area. The African Continental Free Trade Area agreement will create the largest free trade area in the world measured by the number of countries participating and South Africa are leading the way. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

USA

1. The US has an economic influence on other countries because it has created some of the most recognisable companies in the world. These companies/brands will set up in countries all over the world and this leads to employment and income for the host country. For example, Amazon has a warehouse in Dunfermline, Fife. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
2. The US has an economic influence on other countries because it has created some of the most recognisable companies in the world. These companies/brands will set up branches in countries all over the world and this leads to employment and income for the host country. For example, Amazon has a warehouse in Dunfermline, Fife. They employ a permanent workforce of around 1,200 people and more than 1,000 seasonal employees, creating lots of income for Scotland. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. international economic aid
2. economic alliances — BRICS/G20/G7
3. economic sanctions
4. trade
5. exporting and importing.

USA

1. One reason why the government has been effective in tackling social and economic issues is because they have increased the number of people with health insurance. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why the government has been effective in tackling social and economic issues is because they have increased the number of people with health insurance. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in 2010 and aimed to provide affordable health insurance for all Americans. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why the government has been effective in tackling social and economic issues is because they have increased the number of people with health insurance. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in 2010 and aimed to provide affordable health insurance for all Americans. It also aimed to protect Americans from insurance companies who might have increased their prices or restricted patient care. In January 2023, a further 16.3 million Americans signed up for health insurance due to continued advertising and enrolment assistance. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

BRAZIL

1. One reason why the government has been effective in tackling social and economic issues is because they have helped people to become homeowners. The government invested huge sums of money to help people buy their own homes. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. public health campaigns
2. education investment
3. welfare provision
4. job creation.

USA

1. The US has had military influence by supporting Ukraine in the Russia/Ukraine conflict. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The US has had military influence by supporting Ukraine in the Russia/Ukraine conflict. They have supplied equipment such as anti-armour and anti-aircraft munitions. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The US has had military influence by supporting Ukraine in the Russia/Ukraine conflict. They have supplied equipment such as anti-armour and anti-aircraft munitions. Since January 2021, the US has committed more than $13.5 billion in security assistance to Ukraine. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. military size
2. membership of alliances
3. military bases
4. spending
5. sharing intelligence
6. use of the veto in the UN Security Council.

USA

1. People in the US have the right to protest. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. People in the US have the right to protest about issues they feel strongly about such as racism in the police. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. People in the US have the right to protest about issues they feel strongly about such as racism in the police. In 2020, over 20 million US citizens took part in Black Lives Matter protests. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

China

1. In China citizens can vote. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. In China citizens can vote. They are able to vote in local village elections to choose village leaders. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. In China citizens can vote. They are able to vote in local village elections to choose village leaders. In some areas villagers have used this right to remove corrupt officials, for example in Guangdong province. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (dependent on the world power chosen):

1. the right to join a pressure group
2. the right to join a political party
3. the right to lobby a representative
4. the right to freedom of expression
5. the right to free assembly.

Brazil

1. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. They move from the rural North-East to the cities of the South-East. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. They move from the rural North-East to the cities of the South-East. Cities in the South-East, such as Rio de Janeiro, have more employment opportunities than rural areas. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. They move from the rural North-East to the cities of the South-East. Cities in the South-East, such as Rio de Janeiro, have more employment opportunities than rural areas. These jobs are often in the service sector and while often not well paid, they are better than the jobs in the countryside, allowing people to be more economically successful. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

USA

1. In the US, many Asian Americans are economically successful because they are more likely to have had a good education. Asian Americans have very low school dropout rates compared to other groups. As a result, Asian teenagers have an average SAT score of 1,223. Asian Americans have the highest SAT score of all ethnic groups and are more likely to go to university. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. employment
2. poverty and inequality
3. discrimination
4. population movement
5. health
6. education
7. housing
8. crime and the law.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The world power that I have studied is the USA. One economic issue that some people experience is unemployment. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The world power that I have studied is the USA. One economic issue that some people experience is unemployment. Many of the 5.2 million unemployed (August 2021) Americans are living in poverty and struggling to meet their needs. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The world power that I have studied is China. One economic issue that some people experience is restrictions on migration. This can lead to people living in poverty and struggling to meet their needs. For example, migrant workers can struggle to find employment and are unable to support their families as they do not have Hukou registration. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. low levels of income
2. poor educational attainment
3. poor health
4. discrimination, for example, racism
5. illegal immigration.

Possible approaches to answering the question — CHINA

1. Representation in China is not equal as some people are better represented in government due to being in the Communist Party. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Representation in China is not equal as some people are better represented in government due to being in the Communist Party. The party has over 90 million members who can have their voices heard compared to those who are not members. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. One reason why representation in politics is not equal in the US is because it is very expensive to stand as a candidate. Candidates have a better chance of success if they have access to wealthy donors. In 2020 the Biden campaign cost approximately $6.6 billion. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. income/poverty
2. urban/rural divide
3. migrant workers
4. education
5. gender
6. ethnicity.

Possible approaches to answering the question — South Africa

1. South Africa has political influence on other countries because it is a key member of the African Union. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. South Africa has political influence on other countries because it is a key member of the African Union. There are 55 members and South Africa is able to influence other members due to its size and scale of economy. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. The US has political influence on other countries due to the status it has on the international stage. The US has encouraged China to cooperate on cutting emissions. During the COP26 summit a US/China declaration was agreed to address the climate crisis. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. membership of organisations such as UN, NATO, AU
2. bi-lateral meetings/visits
3. using trade/aid etc to exert influence.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. South Africa
2. One way individuals can participate in their political system is by voting. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
3. One way individuals can participate in their political system is by voting. For example, individuals in South Africa can vote for the ANC. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
4. One way individuals can participate in their political system is by voting. For example, individuals in South Africa can vote for the ANC. In 2019 around 60% of the electorate voted for the ANC. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. stand as a candidate
2. join a political party
3. join a pressure/interest group
4. campaign
5. protest.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. USA
2. Obamacare was introduced in the US to tackle a lack of health insurance. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
3. Obamacare was introduced in the US to tackle a lack of health insurance. It is officially known as the Affordable Care Act. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
4. Obamacare was introduced in the US to tackle a lack of health insurance. It is officially known as the Affordable Care Act. This enabled 20 million more poorer Americans to get health insurance. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. education initiatives, for example Every Student Succeeds (USA), Teacher Laptop Initiative (South Africa)
2. crime reduction, for example legalising of marijuana in US states
3. migration
4. fair trial, for example Constitutional Court (South Africa)
5. development and engagement programme in Brazil
6. the ‘silk road’ initiative in China
7. women’s economic empowerment initiative in the USA.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. USA
2. In the USA, African Americans are less economically successful because they are more likely to be unemployed. (1 mark — accurate but underdeveloped point)
3. In the USA, African Americans are less economically successful because they are more likely to be unemployed. They have higher dropout rates in school than other groups which leads to them gaining fewer qualifications. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
4. In the USA, African Americans are less economically successful because they are more likely to be unemployed. They have higher dropout rates in school than other groups which leads to them gaining fewer qualifications. Black unemployment increased due to the coronavirus pandemic; in October 2020 it was 13.2%. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
5. In the USA, African Americans are less economically successful because they are more likely to be unemployed. They have higher dropout rates in school than other groups which leads to them gaining fewer qualifications. Black unemployment in October 2020 was 13.2% due to the unemployment caused by the coronavirus pandemic. This was 5% higher than White unemployment and more than double the rate of Black unemployment in 2019. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poverty
2. economic system
3. discrimination
4. crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. USA
2. The USA tries to gain influence over other countries to protect its citizens. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
3. The USA tries to gain influence over other countries to protect its citizens. This has increased in recent years due to the rise in terrorist threats. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
4. The USA tries to gain influence over other countries to protect its citizens. This has increased in recent years due to the rise in terrorist threats. For example, the USA influenced South American countries to adopt similar migration policies. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
5. The USA tries to gain influence over other countries to protect its citizens. This has increased in recent years due to the rise in terrorist threats. For example, the USA influenced South American countries to adopt similar migration policies. In Guatemala the authorities fully adopted President Trump’s plans for controlled immigration to the United States. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. trade/economic gain
2. defence
3. ideology
4. diplomacy.

Possible approaches to answering the question — Russia

1. Russia has had military influence by supporting the Assad regime in the Syrian conflict. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Russia has had military influence by supporting the Assad regime in the Syrian conflict. Russia carried out airstrikes against militant groups opposed to the Syrian government. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. America has military bases across the world in order to support their allies against any threat. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. America has military bases across the world in order to support their allies against any threat. These bases ensure a rapid response to any perceived threat, for example from Russia. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. America has military bases across the world in order to support their allies against any threat. These bases ensure a rapid response to any perceived threat, for example from Russia. In 2018, the Trump Administration had plans to build-up military infrastructure in Europe to deter Russian aggression. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. size of military
2. military spending
3. membership of alliances
4. invasions
5. military exercises
6. use of veto within the UN Security Council.

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. One reason why some people are more likely to experience social inequalities is discrimination. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some people are more likely to experience social inequalities is discrimination. Blacks are often paid less than white workers even when they do the same job. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why some people are more likely to experience social inequalities is discrimination. Blacks are often paid less than white workers even when they do the same job. For example, in the USA, the pay gap is approximately 30%. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Possible approaches to answering the question — China

1. One reason why some people are more likely to experience social and economic inequalities is because they live in rural areas. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some people are more likely to experience social and economic inequalities is because they live in rural areas. Those in the countryside make very little money from farming compared to factory workers in the cities. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why some people are more likely to experience social and economic inequalities is because they live in rural areas. Those in the countryside make very little money from farming compared to factory workers in the cities. Those in towns, especially in Special Economic Zones, earn three times more than those in the countryside. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. other forms of discrimination, for example sexism, racism
2. variations in educational attainment
3. unemployment
4. crime
5. lone parents
6. low income/poverty
7. geographical location
8. poverty cycle.

Possible approaches to answering the question — South Africa

1. Blacks are more likely to participate in politics to try and bring about a change. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Blacks are more likely to participate in politics to try and bring about a change. They could join an interest group campaigning about an issue. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Blacks are more likely to participate in politics to try and bring about a change. They could join an interest group campaigning about an issue. For example, Treatment Action Campaign. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Blacks are more likely to participate in politics to try and bring about a change. They could join an interest group campaigning about an issue. For example, Treatment Action Campaign. This group took the government to court to make sure pregnant women got HIV drugs. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. voting to get their party of choice elected
2. more educated
3. wealthier — easier to become a candidate
4. politically literate
5. impact of role models
6. age.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Citizens can participate in politics by joining a political party. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. People in Australia can participate in politics by voting in elections when they are 18 or over. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. American citizens can participate in politics by joining an interest group that they agree with (eg the National Rifle Association) and helping to campaign for certain laws. The NRA supports the right to own guns in the USA and citizens could take part in legal activities such as marches, rallies, petitions, letter writing to Senators etc. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. voting in elections at various levels
2. membership of political parties
3. standing as a candidate in elections
4. fundraising
5. party activism
6. interest group membership and activity
7. protest/direct action

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Inequality exists in the USA as some people do badly at school. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. In China, some people in rural areas still rely on traditional methods of healthcare, unlike the modern methods and equipment in the towns. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. In Canada, some people are very wealthy while others have low incomes. Canada is a capitalist country and so people who succeed in business can become very wealthy. Other groups who may have poor qualifications may be stuck in low paid jobs or be reliant on benefits. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]
4. Many people in India live in very poor housing conditions. Indian cities have grown rapidly in recent years as India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Many people live in poorly constructed shanty towns or slums which are unsafe and unhealthy. Although some Indians are very rich, most are poor and work in unskilled jobs and so can only afford to live in these poor areas. People who live in these slums are more likely to suffer ill-health, be the victims of crime and experience lack of success in education. This means that housing inequalities will continue. [4 marks—relevant, accurate point with development, analysis and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. education inequalities
2. health inequalities
3. employment/unemployment
4. wealth/poverty
5. housing
6. gender inequalities
7. racial inequalities
8. social class inequalities

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Many countries rely on China for trade. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Many countries rely on China for trade. Australia relies on China to buy minerals from them. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Many countries rely on China for trade. Australia relies on China to buy minerals from them. 13% of Australia's exports are thermal coal to China. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. impact of multinationals
2. imports/exports
3. finance/banking
4. financial aid
5. services.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Canadian Government has tried to reduce social inequalities by encouraging people to make better lifestyle choices. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The USA has tried to reduce social inequalities in health by providing help with buying food. SNAP cost the US government $70.9 billion per year. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. The Chinese Government have launched Healthy China 2020. This is a plan to provide universal healthcare coverage for all Chinese people. The Chinese Government have allocated billions more in spending to support this plan. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. health: passing laws, providing free health care, issuing public guidelines (smoking/exercise/healthy eating)
2. education: benefits to encourage students to stay at school; student loans; scholarships and bursaries; investment in education
3. housing: social housing; help with housing costs
4. anti-discrimination legislation
5. welfare benefits
6. crime reduction
7. employment schemes.

Possible approaches to answering the question — CHINA

1. Some people are poorly represented in government as they are not in the Communist Party. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Those living and working in rural areas are poorly represented in national government as they are less likely to be members of the Communist Party. The rural Chinese can take part in local committees but these tend to only focus on local issues and not on provincial, national or international issues. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (China)

1. income/poverty
2. urban/rural divide
3. gender – national government still dominated by men
4. party membership is limited and has restrictions
5. migrant workers may not be registered and cannot participate
6. those with anti-communist views or those who support democratic reform are not well represented and are often silenced by the authorities
7. pressure group activists are not represented especially if they oppose the Communist system.

USA

1. Black Americans are not well represented as there are few Black role models in government. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Black Americans are not well represented as they are more likely to be poor. This tends to mean that they are less likely to run for office. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Hispanic Americans are less likely to be represented in government as there is a much lower participation rate among Hispanics. Some have difficulty as English is not their first language so politics and government is difficult for them to understand. This leads to fewer Latinos being elected to a high office position such as Governor or Senator. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (USA)

1. low paid unskilled work/white collar jobs. Difference in participation leads to difference in representation
2. Blacks and Hispanics experience social and economic inequality as a result of poverty. Apathetic, few role models, other priorities. Greater representation in local elections
3. women remain underrepresented as they either do not run for office or are not chosen by the big two parties, despite the fact that women are more likely to vote in presidential elections
4. poorly educated are poorly represented and are less likely to vote
5. some recent immigrants may not have legal status and may lack representation as a result
6. homeless people may be unlikely to vote and lack representation.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The world power that I have studied is the USA. One of the causes of socio-economic issues is unemployment. (1 mark accurate but undeveloped)
2. The world power that I have studied is the USA. One of the causes of socio-economic issues is unemployment. This can lead to people living in poverty and struggling to meet their needs. (2 marks accurate and developed)
3. The world power that I have studied is China. One of the causes of socio-economic issues is migration. This can lead to people living in poverty and struggling to meet their needs. For example, migrant workers can struggle to find employment and are unable to support their families. (3 marks accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Low income
2. Low education attainment
3. Poor health
4. Discrimination eg racism
5. Illegal immigration
6. Government strategies.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The world power that I have studied is Brazil. One reason why many people who live in the Favelas are less likely to participate in politics is because of lack of education. (1 mark accurate but undeveloped)
2. The world power that I have studied is Brazil. One reason why many people who live in the Favelas are less likely to participate in politics is because of lack of education. They often do not attend school because they have to work to support their families from a young age. (2 marks accurate and developed)
3. The world power that I have studied is Brazil. One reason why many people who live in the Favelas are less likely to participate in politics is because of lack of education. They often do not attend school because they have to work to support their families from a young age. For example, in the recent government impeachment “coup”, many residents of the Favelas stated that their priority was to survive daily life, rather than participate in politics. (3 marks accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Lack of role models
2. Language barriers
3. Corrupt officials/government leaders
4. Discrimination eg gender, ethnicity
5. Human rights
6. Geographical location eg rural/urban.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. US citizens have the right to own a gun. [0 marks]
2. US citizens have the right to own a gun as it states that they have this right in the constitution. [1 mark – undeveloped point]
3. Australian citizens have freedom of speech. This means they are free to criticise government decisions. [2 marks – accurate point with development]
4. People in China have the right to vote in village elections. This allows citizens the opportunity to elect village committees and village leaders as a form of local democracy. The elected representatives are entrusted with managing local affairs. [3 marks – accurate, well developed point]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Clear reference to specific aspects of political systems of chosen G20 country.
2. Standing for election
3. Voting in elections at various levels
4. Participating in political parties, trade unions, pressure groups
5. Free speech
6. Freedom of press
7. Protection by the law

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The USA has the ability to influence other countries due to the size of its military [1 mark – undeveloped point]
2. The USA has the ability to influence other countries due to the size of its military. The USA military is often referred to as the 'world policeman' and has been able to influence countries such as Afghanistan and Libya. [2 marks – accurate point with development]
3. Brazil has the ability to influence other countries due to the fact it is a growing economy and is a member of BRICS. Brazil is also the single biggest supplier of agricultural products to the European Union so is a crucial trading partner. Furthermore Brazil has recently been influential in the 'South-South' Cooperation, becoming a donor to developing African countries, providing $23 million dollars to Mozambique to help with the development of HIV/AIDs treatments. This cooperation is seen as being more influential than the 'tied aid' models of the past. [4 marks – well explained point, with exemplification and analysis]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Trade
2. Defence
3. Diplomatic Support
4. Ideology
5. Immigration
6. Culture

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. CHINA
2. Other countries rely on China for trade. [1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point]
3. North Korea relies on China for both military aid and for food supplies to feed its population. [2 marks – accurate point with exemplification]
4. China now manufactures more goods than any other country in the world eg 70% of the world's toys and 50% of the world's clothes. Consumers in places like the USA and the EU rely on China for cheap goods. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]
5. RUSSIA
6. Other countries rely on Russia for gas supply. [1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point]
7. Russia has political influence in the UN. This is because it has a permanent place in the UNSC. [2 marks – accurate point with exemplification]
8. The government of Ukraine wanted to build closer economic ties with Western Europe. The recent unrest in Ukraine was a result of conflict between some of their people, who want to stay close to Russia, and their government. Russia has used its military power to arm some Ukrainians which has encouraged a civil war in the eastern parts of the country. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]
9. USA
10. Other countries rely on the USA for military support. [1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point]
11. The US Dollar is like an international currency. Oil is sold in dollars per barrel. [2 marks –accurate point with exemplification]
12. The United States has a 'special relationship' with the United Kingdom, a phrase used to describe the close political and economic relations between both countries. Britain has been the USA's strongest supporter in the War on Terror eg bombing IS in Iraq and Syria. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Trade
2. Culture
3. Defence
4. Diplomatic support
5. Ideology
6. Environment
7. Economic migration
8. Finance/Banking
9. International Organisations
10. Any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. CHINA
2. Some people are poorly represented in government as they are not in the Communist Party. [1 mark - accurate point with no development]
3. Those living and working in rural areas are poorly represented in national government as they are less likely to be members of the Communist Party. The rural Chinese can take part in local committees but these tend to only focus on local issues and not on provincial, national or international issues. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]
4. USA
5. Black Americans are not well represented as there are few Black role models in government. [1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point]
6. Black Americans are not well represented as they are more likely to be poor. This tends to mean that they are less likely to run for office. [2 marks – accurate point with development]
7. Hispanic Americans are less likely to be represented in government as there is a much lower participation rate among Hispanics. Some have difficulty as English is not their first language so politics and government is difficult for them to understand. This leads to fewer Latinos being elected to high office such as Governor or Senator. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to the following (China)

1. Income/poverty
2. Urban/rural divide
3. Gender – national government still dominated by men
4. Party membership is limited and has restrictions
5. Migrant workers may not be registered and cannot participate
6. Those with anti-communist views or those who support democratic reform are not well represented and are often silenced by the authorities
7. Pressure group activists are not represented especially if they oppose the Communist system

Credit reference to the following (USA)

1. Low paid unskilled work/white collar jobs. Difference in participation leads to difference in representation.
2. Blacks and Hispanics experience social and economic inequality as a result of poverty. Apathetic, no role models, other priorities.
3. Women remain underrepresented as they either do not run for office or are not chosen by the big two parties, despite the fact that women are more likely to vote in presidential elections.
4. Poorly educated are poorly represented and are less likely to vote.
5. Some recent immigrants may not have legal status and may lack representation as a result.
6. Homeless people may be unlikely to vote and lack representation.
7. Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. In America, Barack Obama introduced a new health care law. [1 mark- accurate point]
2. In America, Barack Obama introduced a new health care law to try and help poor people get health care. [2mark- developed point]
3. In America, Barack Obama introduced a new health care law called the Affordable Care Act. Lots of Americans cannot afford private healthcare, especially people on low incomes who tend to be ethnic minorities. The act forces people to get healthcare or they will be fined. [3 marks- accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following — USA

1. Medicare, Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (covers children who do not qualify for Medicaid)
2. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
3. Affirmative Action programmes as they apply today eg the Supreme Court has basically ruled that consideration of an applicant's race/ethnicity is legal
4. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 - provides expansion of unemployment benefits, social welfare provision, education and health care.
5. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2001 – aimed to improve performance in public schools to improve qualifications/employability of all children. Backed with big increases in federal funding but on-going debate as to success.
6. Race to the Top is a $4.35 billion United States Department of Education contest created to spur innovation and reforms in state and local district education. It is funded as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
7. Food stamps now known as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP) to provide healthy food for poor families.
8. Federal minimum wage.

CHINA

1. Today most farms operate as private businesses and decisions about what to produce and how to produce are made by farmers. The government created the Household Responsibility System. Farmers have to give a certain amount to the government, but any surplus is kept by the farmer. This means that poor farmers are allowed to sell their goods for a profit thus reducing inequality. [3 marks- accurate point with development and exemplification]
2. Dismantling of work permit system (hukou).
3. Foreign investment, encouragement of private business (Open Door Policy and Special Economic Zones).
4. Encouraging rural areas and small towns to develop entrepreneurs and industrial growth (Township and Village Enterprises)
5. Development of social security system.
6. Better rights for women.
7. Improving health services, housing and reducing crime.

SOUTH AFRICA

1. Affirmative Action.
2. Black Economic Empowerment (BEE).
3. Programmes to ensure everyone has access to drinkable water, sanitation and electricity.
4. Land redistribution policy.

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. Participation of Hispanics is unequal due to language barriers. [1 mark- accurate point]
2. Participation of African Americans/Hispanics is unequal because levels of representation are poor especially at Federal Government level. This leads to a lack of positive ethnic minority role models. Some limited progress has been made eg election of Barack Obama but there have been 43 white Presidents and only 1 Black president. Many African/Hispanic Americans simply view politics as a "a white man's game". [4 marks- relevant, accurate point with development, analysis and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following — USA

1. Many ethnic minorities feel their vote doesn't matter as they have not seen much improvement in their living conditions/economic position.
2. Relationship between participation and poorer levels of education.
3. Growing up in poor conditions, leads to lower levels of engagement with politics so they are less likely to vote, stand as candidates, join political parties.
4. Hispanics: English might not be their main language but the language of politics is English. Cannot access political debate, campaigns etc
5. The process of registering to vote can be time-consuming, and varies from state to state. It is easy to be confused or put off by the registration forms.

Participation of women

1. Traditional view of women as mother, home maker means women don't see politics as a career. Do not have the same level of political ambition/ feel they have to choose one or the other. These views are prevalent amongst religious groups.
2. More likely to be lone parents so have other issues to concern them.
3. Lack of positive role models.
4. Media coverage of female politicians puts some women off eg Sarah Palin's and Hilary Clinton's treatment by the press was viewed as sexist with too much focus on appearance.

CHINA

1. Membership of the Communist Party is strictly controlled and is not an option for many groups (One – Party system)
2. Citizens can only vote at local level. Only candidates and parties sanctioned by the Communist Party are allowed to seek election. Eight other parties are legal but do not act as "opposition" eg China Democratic League, Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party.
3. Organisations that have opposed the Communist Party have been banned as dangerous and subversive, eg China Democracy Party, National Democratic Party of Tibet.
4. Organisations like the Falun Gong and the independence movements for Taiwan and Tibet have also been banned and their members persecuted.
5. Some pressure group activity is allowed but it cannot question the authority or legitimacy of the Communist Party. Many dissidents have been in prison since Tiananmen Square and others have been exiled eg Wei Jingshen.
6. Independent trade unions are not permitted. The Federation of Trade Unions is linked to the Communist Party. There has been some limited progress eg improved pay and conditions for Apple workers.
7. Environmental groups have grown in number eg many campaigned against the building of the Three Gorges Dam. These groups have experienced limited success and have become popular.
8. Discrimination stops many women taking part in politics. Attitudes have been slow to change and few women stand as candidates. The All-China Women's Federation (linked to Communist Party) campaigns to promote equality.