2014 exam paper

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Scottish Parliament has control over devolved powers in Scotland like health, education and housing. [2 marks for a list answer which lacks any detail]
2. The Scottish Parliament has a range of devolved powers. One of the main ones is education. Scottish pupils sit Nationals and Highers whereas English students sit GCSEs. [2 marks single point with an example]
3. Holyrood has control over many devolved areas such as health care. The Scottish government has been able to create different laws in Scotland eg the Smoking Ban in 2006 and the plan to have a minimum price for alcohol. [3 marks developed point with exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. The power to make law
2. Agriculture, forestry and fishing
3. Education & training
4. Health & social services
5. Housing
6. Law & order

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. People may feel it is their right to vote and that they should therefore use it. [1 mark for a limited answer which lacks any detail.]
2. Many people are members of political parties such as the Scottish National Party and so vote for their candidate. [2 marks for a single point with an example]
3. Many people in Scotland feel that it is not only a right but also a responsibility that they should vote to uphold democracy. If many thousands of Scots decide not to vote then the result of an election may not be representative. In 2011 almost 40% didn't vote, if they had, the SNP may not have won. [3 marks for a developed point with exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Basic right in a democracy
2. Right denied to citizens elsewhere in the world
3. Desire to see own party succeed
4. Wish to ensure another party is not elected.
5. Right denied to women until early last century
6. Feel electoral system reflects their views

The importance of Trade Union donations to party election campaigns.

1. Conclusion – Trade Union contributions were not very important to political parties during the election in 2011. [1 mark for valid conclusion]
2. Evidence – Trade Unions contributed 29% of the overall donations to political parties in 2011 compared to 41% from individuals [Source 3]
3. The SNP and Conservatives rely more on wealthy business people and as such unions are not important to them [Source 1]
4. Conclusion – They are much more important to Labour than the other parties [1 mark for valid conclusion]
5. Evidence – 29% is almost a third of all party donations – Labour however is more reliant as over a third of their funding is from trade unions (36%). [Sources 1 and 3]

The link between a party's election spending and election success.

1. Conclusion – The party which spends the most wins the election. [1 mark for a valid conclusion]
2. Evidence – In 2007, SNP spent the most at c£3.5 million compared to Labour at £1 6 million [Source 2] and they won the election by 1 seat [Source 3]
3. In 2011, SNP spent the most at c£2.6 million compared to Labour's £1.1 million [Source 2] and the SNP won 69 seats compared to 37 for Labour [Source 3].

The link between election spending and voter awareness of election campaign methods.

1. Conclusion – There is a direct link between election spending and voter awareness of campaign methods. [1 mark for valid conclusion]
2. Evidence – Spending on leaflets increased from £1.2 million to £1.4 million between 2007 and 2011 and awareness of leaflets increased from 89% to 93% of voters. [Source 1]
3. Conclusion – Money spent on campaign methods means people are more aware of it. [1 mark for valid conclusion]
4. Evidence – In 2011, the smallest sum (only £47,000) was spent on rallies and public meetings and only 2% of people attended these (this is the smallest number). [Source 1]

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The UK Parliament has reserved powers in Scotland like defence and immigration. [1 mark for a list answer which lacks any detail]
2. One of the main reserved powers is the benefit system eg child benefit is the same in Edinburgh and London. [2 marks for a single point with an example]
3. The UK Parliament has a range of reserved powers which affect Scotland. One of these is defence. The UK government has power over the size and location of Scottish forces eg in 2013 Leuchars air base was reduced in size and changed to an army base. [3 marks for a developed point with exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. The power to make law
2. Immigration
3. Benefits & social security
4. Defence
5. Foreign policy
6. Nuclear power

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. People may feel it is their right to vote and that they should therefore use it. [1 mark for a limited answer which lacks any detail.]
2. Many people are members of political parties such as the Labour Party and so vote for their candidate. [2 marks for a single point with an example]
3. Many people in the UK feel that it is not only a right but also a responsibility that they should vote to uphold democracy. If many thousands of Scots decide not to vote then the result of an election may not be representative. Eg In 2010 approx one third of people didn't vote in the general election. If they had, the coalition may not have been necessary. [3 marks for a developed point with exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Basic right in a democracy
2. People likely to participate in a General Election
3. Right denied to citizens elsewhere in the world
4. Desire to see own party succeed
5. Wish to ensure another party is not elected.
6. Right denied to women until early last century

The importance of trade union donations to party election campaigns.

1. Conclusion – trade union contributions were not very important to political parties during the election in 2010.
2. Evidence – Trade unions contributed 16% of the overall donations to political parties in 2010 compared to 47% from individuals [Source 3]
3. The Labour Party received 36% of their funding from Unions but this is less than half so not that important [Source 1]
4. The Conservatives rely on wealthy business people so Unions are not important to them [Source 1]
5. Conclusion – trade unions are more important to Labour than the other parties. [1 mark valid conclusion]
6. Evidence – 16% of all party donations [Source 3]
7. Labour however is more reliant as over a third of their funding is from trade unions (36%) [Source 1]

The link between a party's election spending and election success.

1. Conclusion – The party which spends the most wins the election. [1 mark valid conclusion]
2. Evidence – In 2005 Labour spent the most at c£18 million compared to Conservatives at £17 million [Source 2] and they won the election by 158 seats [Source 3]
3. In 2010 Conservatives spent the most at c£16 million compared to Labour's £8 million [Source 2] and the Conservatives won 307 seats compared to 258 for Labour [Source 3].

The link between election spending and voter awareness of election campaign methods.

1. Conclusion – As election spending on campaign methods decreases so does voter awareness of these methods [1 mark valid conclusion]
2. Evidence – In 2005, £15 million was spent on billboard advertising and this fell to £9 million in 2010 [Source 1]
3. Awareness of billboard advertising fell from 62% in 2005 to 48% in 2010. [Source 1]
4. Conclusion – More money spent on a campaign method means people are more aware of it eg leaflets [1 mark valid conclusion]
5. Evidence – In 2010, most money (£12.3 million) was spent on leaflets and 93% of people had received leaflets. [Source 1]
6. Only 1.7 million was spent on public meetings and only 2% of people attended one in 2010 [Source 1]

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Organisations send aid to help starving people. (1 mark)
2. The UN provide tents and medicines for refugees. (2 marks)
3. Charities such as the Red Cross provide experts such as doctors and nurses to areas where natural disasters have occurred eg they spent many millions of pounds on field hospitals to help the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines. (3 marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (Answers may vary greatly depending on the international conflict or issue studied.)

1. Food/water/emergency relief
2. Medical equipment/experts/medicines/vaccinations
3. Peace talks/treaty negotiations
4. Economic sanctions
5. UN resolutions
6. Economic Aid
7. Specialist workers – engineers, scientists etc
8. Financial Aid through the world bank
9. UN may hold peace talks eg with Syrian government during times of conflict. Pressure for government to resign.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. HIV/Aids is caused by poor education. (1mark)
2. Terrorism usually happens when a group of people feel they have been badly treated by a government. For example the Boston bombings were carried out by people who thought they had been unfairly treated by the USA. (2 marks)
3. Piracy is a major problem especially off the north east coast of Africa. Many poor people in Somalia are forced or persuaded to hi-jack ships and to take hostages by local gangs. There can be more money in it than there is in fishing. (3 marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. War in Afghanistan – response to terror/establish democracy
2. The "Arab Spring" – demand for human rights, impact of internet
3. International Debt – corruption, poverty, war, Western banks
4. Poverty/Famine – natural disaster, war, climate, corruption, unfair trade
5. Illegal immigration – poverty, famine, war

OPTION 1

1. NATO should send troops to Country A as 140 000 people have been killed. [1 mark- evidence from Source 1]
2. Source 1 points out that free elections were never held and that many people see democracy as the solution. Andy N from source three agrees that democracy is the solution. [2 marks-evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 3]
3. It is believed that the President has used chemical weapons to kill 600 of his own people (S1). David W argues that we cannot stand by and watch this happen and a massive majority of 85% of those asked in Source 2 agree that NATO should do everything it can to stop chemical weapons. [3 mark- evaluative terminology, evidence linked from Source 1, 2 and 3]

Credit reference to aspects of the following (Option 1)

1. The people want democratic reform (Sources 1 and/or 3).
2. Many civilians have been killed (Sources 1 and/or 3).
3. It worked in Libya, so why not in Country A? ie NATO got rid of Gaddafi (Source 3)
4. People want chemical attacks stopped (Sources 2 and 3 )
5. NATO needs friendly Middle Eastern governments (Sources 1and/or2)

Reasons for rejecting the other option (Option 1)

1. Source one tells us that the UK and the USA would like a friendlier government in Country A. 59% (a majority) of those asked in Source 2 agree that this is vital for NATO, so option 2 (doing nothing) is not a good option. (3 marks – evidence from two sources with an evaluative comment.) Do not credit if marks already awarded for this point in arguments for option 1.

OPTION 2

1. NATO should not send troops to Country A as 54% of the public strongly disagree. [1 mark- evidence from Source 2]
2. NATO should not send troops to Country A as the majority of those questioned think that NATO cannot afford it. 27% agree and 42% strongly agree, this is well over half. [2 marks- evidence from Source 2 with evaluative comment]
3. The vast majority,83% think that sending NATO troops to Country A would not help the refugees (S2). Two million refugees really need help as they are living in terrible conditions (S3). So option two should not be followed. [3 marks- evidence linked from Source 2 and 3 with evaluative comment]

Credit reference to aspects of the following (Option 2)

1. Cost is too high ( S2 and S3)
2. More troops make things worse (S1,S2 and S3)
3. Wouldn't help refugees (S2 and S3)
4. Loss of life would be too much (S3)

Reasons for rejecting the other option (Option 2)

1. A huge majority of people in NATO countries (69%) believe that NATO cannot afford any more missions. (S2) This is supported by information from Source 3 which shows that the Libyan conflict cost the UK and USA alone, $21.5 billion without using ground troops. (3 mark - evaluative terminology, detailed evidence from Sources 2 and 3) Do not credit if marks already awarded for this point in arguments for option 2.

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. In America, Barack Obama introduced a new health care law. [1 mark- accurate point]
2. In America, Barack Obama introduced a new health care law to try and help poor people get health care. [2mark- developed point]
3. In America, Barack Obama introduced a new health care law called the Affordable Care Act. Lots of Americans cannot afford private healthcare, especially people on low incomes who tend to be ethnic minorities. The act forces people to get healthcare or they will be fined. [3 marks- accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following — USA

1. Medicare, Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (covers children who do not qualify for Medicaid)
2. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
3. Affirmative Action programmes as they apply today eg the Supreme Court has basically ruled that consideration of an applicant's race/ethnicity is legal
4. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 - provides expansion of unemployment benefits, social welfare provision, education and health care.
5. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2001 – aimed to improve performance in public schools to improve qualifications/employability of all children. Backed with big increases in federal funding but on-going debate as to success.
6. Race to the Top is a $4.35 billion United States Department of Education contest created to spur innovation and reforms in state and local district education. It is funded as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
7. Food stamps now known as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP) to provide healthy food for poor families.
8. Federal minimum wage.

CHINA

1. Today most farms operate as private businesses and decisions about what to produce and how to produce are made by farmers. The government created the Household Responsibility System. Farmers have to give a certain amount to the government, but any surplus is kept by the farmer. This means that poor farmers are allowed to sell their goods for a profit thus reducing inequality. [3 marks- accurate point with development and exemplification]
2. Dismantling of work permit system (hukou).
3. Foreign investment, encouragement of private business (Open Door Policy and Special Economic Zones).
4. Encouraging rural areas and small towns to develop entrepreneurs and industrial growth (Township and Village Enterprises)
5. Development of social security system.
6. Better rights for women.
7. Improving health services, housing and reducing crime.

SOUTH AFRICA

1. Affirmative Action.
2. Black Economic Empowerment (BEE).
3. Programmes to ensure everyone has access to drinkable water, sanitation and electricity.
4. Land redistribution policy.

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. Participation of Hispanics is unequal due to language barriers. [1 mark- accurate point]
2. Participation of African Americans/Hispanics is unequal because levels of representation are poor especially at Federal Government level. This leads to a lack of positive ethnic minority role models. Some limited progress has been made eg election of Barack Obama but there have been 43 white Presidents and only 1 Black president. Many African/Hispanic Americans simply view politics as a "a white man's game". [4 marks- relevant, accurate point with development, analysis and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following — USA

1. Many ethnic minorities feel their vote doesn't matter as they have not seen much improvement in their living conditions/economic position.
2. Relationship between participation and poorer levels of education.
3. Growing up in poor conditions, leads to lower levels of engagement with politics so they are less likely to vote, stand as candidates, join political parties.
4. Hispanics: English might not be their main language but the language of politics is English. Cannot access political debate, campaigns etc
5. The process of registering to vote can be time-consuming, and varies from state to state. It is easy to be confused or put off by the registration forms.

Participation of women

1. Traditional view of women as mother, home maker means women don't see politics as a career. Do not have the same level of political ambition/ feel they have to choose one or the other. These views are prevalent amongst religious groups.
2. More likely to be lone parents so have other issues to concern them.
3. Lack of positive role models.
4. Media coverage of female politicians puts some women off eg Sarah Palin's and Hilary Clinton's treatment by the press was viewed as sexist with too much focus on appearance.

CHINA

1. Membership of the Communist Party is strictly controlled and is not an option for many groups (One – Party system)
2. Citizens can only vote at local level. Only candidates and parties sanctioned by the Communist Party are allowed to seek election. Eight other parties are legal but do not act as "opposition" eg China Democratic League, Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party.
3. Organisations that have opposed the Communist Party have been banned as dangerous and subversive, eg China Democracy Party, National Democratic Party of Tibet.
4. Organisations like the Falun Gong and the independence movements for Taiwan and Tibet have also been banned and their members persecuted.
5. Some pressure group activity is allowed but it cannot question the authority or legitimacy of the Communist Party. Many dissidents have been in prison since Tiananmen Square and others have been exiled eg Wei Jingshen.
6. Independent trade unions are not permitted. The Federation of Trade Unions is linked to the Communist Party. There has been some limited progress eg improved pay and conditions for Apple workers.
7. Environmental groups have grown in number eg many campaigned against the building of the Three Gorges Dam. These groups have experienced limited success and have become popular.
8. Discrimination stops many women taking part in politics. Attitudes have been slow to change and few women stand as candidates. The All-China Women's Federation (linked to Communist Party) campaigns to promote equality.

OPTION 1

1. Australia should keep compulsory voting as more people vote. [1 mark- evidence from Source 1]
2. Source 1 points out that compulsory voting is widely supported among Australian people and the pie chart shows 65% do not want to get rid of it. [2 marks- evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 3]
3. Turnout is higher in Australia with compulsory voting- it was only 47% before it was introduced and now it is around 95% - supported by evidence in Source 2 where turnout at the most recent parliamentary election was 93.22%. Turnout has doubled since it was introduced. [3 mark- evaluative terminology, evidence linked from Source 1 and 2]

Credit reference to aspects of the following (Option 1)

1. The Australian Prime Minister wants to keep compulsory voting (Source 3).
2. Result is more accurate when everyone has participated (Source 3).

Reasons for rejecting the other option (Option 1)

1. In all countries where there is compulsory voting, turnout is much higher compared to all countries where there isn't eg Brazil and Argentina have turnout rates near 80% while Canada and Russia have only 60%. [3 mark- detailed evidence with evaluative comments from Source 2. Do not credit if marks already awarded for this point in arguments for option 1]

OPTION 2

1. Australia should get rid of compulsory voting as it is undemocratic to force people to vote. [1 mark- evidence from Source 1]
2. People with little interest in politics are forced to the polls (Source 1) and source 3. 'People who aren't interested should not be required to vote - bad decisions in the voting booth contribute to bad government.' [2 marks- evidence linked from Source 1 and 3]
3. Resources must be allocated to determine whether those who failed to vote have "valid and sufficient" reasons. Source 1 also says 'millions of dollars are spent on checking up on those who didn't turn up.' In the state of Queensland almost $1 million in state funds has been allocated to chase up those who failed to vote. This is a lot of money. [3 marks- evidence linked from Source 1 and 3]

Credit reference to aspects of the following (Option 2)

1. It's unfair to punish people for not voting - only 37% of people think you should be fined (Source 1).
2. Some people cannot get to polling stations due to genuine reasons ('poor people don't have a way to get to their voting place unlike rich people who have cars.') (Source 3).

Reasons for rejecting the other option (Option 2)

1. Eileen Smith in Source 3 says 'Forcing the population to vote means they will just deliberately spoil their ballot papers to avoid a fine' and in source 2 it is clear that in all of the countries with compulsory voting, the number of informal ballot papers are much higher (eg Brazil it is 8.64% compared to only 0.7% on Canada). Source 1 shows that 9% of Australians have at some point registered an informal vote. [3 mark- evaluative terminology, detailed evidence from Sources 1, 2 and 3. Do not credit if marks already awarded for this point in arguments for option 2]

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Children's Hearing System can help young people by taking them away from their home. (1 mark)
2. The Children's Hearing System tries to deal with the reasons why young people commit crime and offers support for them to stop offending. (2 marks)
3. The Children's Hearing System helps young people by providing a relaxed atmosphere where young people can discuss their offending behaviour. It is less intimidating than going to an adult court and they will get help and support from school, social workers and the police to change their behaviour. (3 marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Targets both offending behaviour and welfare concerns
2. Impartial, voluntary panel makes decisions
3. Safe environment to discuss issues and problems
4. Tries to deal with root cause of problems
5. Input from various agencies eg police, social work, schools
6. Power to remove "at risk" children from their homes
7. Can refer to secure accommodation or court if necessary

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Prisons don't reduce reoffending because you learn how to commit more crimes when you are inside. (1 mark)
2. Electronic tags are a good way of reducing reoffending as if you have a job you can still go but are punished with a curfew at night (2 marks)
3. Many prisons don't have enough staff or money to run effective rehabilitation programmes which means that some offenders are released with the same addictions they had when they went in to prison. ( 3marks)
4. Community Service Orders have been very successful in reducing reoffending as they make the offender pay something back to the community. This could involve painting a children's playground which makes the offender feel they have done something good that others will benefit from. This can change the negative feelings many offenders have and give them back some pride and self-esteem which will make them less likely to commit another crime. (4marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. High levels of re-offending lead to belief that prison doesn't work
2. Prisons are expensive and overcrowded
3. Few opportunities for rehabilitation in prisons
4. Success of Drug Courts and Drug Treatment and Testing Orders (DTTOs)
5. Electronic tagging allows offenders to stay at home, continue working and maintain family relationships
6. Success of Community Service Orders (CSOs)
7. High levels of success for Restorative Justice especially among young people and first-time offenders
8. Too many short sentences which fail to rehabilitate as well as a community sentence would

Oliver Thomson is supported (not selective) in his view, "Victims of crime in Scotland receive satisfactory support."

1. Oliver Thomson's view is supported (not selective) because it says Surveys show that victims are satisfied with the help and support given to them as victims of crime. This is supported by Source two which says that 69% of victims are happy with police support and further that 74% were happy with Victim Support Scotland. Both of these figures show a significant majority of victims who are satisfied. (3 marks—accurate information from two parts of Source 2 with some evaluative terminology used regarding the statistic included, ie "significant majority")

Credit reference to aspects of the following (support)

1. Victim Support Scotland (VSS) is a voluntary group which provides a listening service for victims. Their volunteers can be easily contacted by phone, email or face to face (Source 1).
2. The Victims and Witnesses Bill, proposes a "victim surcharge", meaning that those who commit crimes will contribute to the cost of providing support to victims eg house alarm systems and travel costs to hospital (Source 1 and 3).
3. Over £5 million per year is provided by the Scottish Government to support Victim Support Scotland and they have committed to maintaining that level of funding (Source 1).
4. The Scottish Government has made a very positive attempt to support victims of crime in introducing the Victim and Witness Bill (Source 3).
5. Victims on the whole are happy with the support they get from voluntary groups and the police (Source 3).

Oliver Thomson is opposed (selective) in his view, "Victims of crime in Scotland receive satisfactory support."

1. Oliver's view is opposed (selective) as the Scottish Victim Crisis Centre is a voluntary group which has a 9 month waiting list for victims who wish to talk about their experiences of crime (1 mark – accurate use of Source 1 but no development).
2. Oliver's view is opposed (selective) as the Scottish Victim Crisis Centre is a voluntary group which has a 9 month waiting list for victims who wish to talk about their experiences of crime. This is supported by Source 3 which says the funding given to some voluntary groups is simply not enough to support the level of demand for services such as counselling and advice. (2 marks – evidence linked from Sources 1 and 3).

Credit reference to aspects of the following (oppose)

1. Victim Support volunteers are not trained counsellors and can only give practical information (Source 1).
2. Funding is so low in the Scottish Victim Crisis Centre that victims often get an engaged tone or an answering machine (Source 1).
3. The Scottish Government give the Scottish Victim Crisis Centre £50,000 a year but staff say this is nowhere near enough to meet the demand for their services (Source 1).
4. The funding given to some voluntary groups is simply not enough to support the level of demand for services such as counselling and advice (Source 3).
5. Some voluntary groups are not able to give full training to their staff as they can't afford it (Source 3).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Government has tried to tackle inequality by providing benefits. [1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point]
2. The Government has tried to tackle inequality by providing more apprenticeships. [1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point]
3. The Voluntary sector has tried to tackle inequality by providing financial support to vulnerable groups such as children. Cash for Kids is a children's charity that raises money for disadvantaged children. It helps by giving money to families who are in need and giving community group's money to pay for days out. [2 marks – accurate with development]
4. The Government has introduced the Universal Credit to tackle inequality. This benefit was introduced in October 2013. Universal Credit is a single payment that merges a number of benefits together to make them easier to claim. For example, Universal Credit helps to pay child care costs and allow parents to work. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]
5. No credit should be given to candidates who identify a cause of inequality; rather the candidate must describe the actions taken by their chosen group.
6. The Government has tried to tackle unemployment which creates inequality. [Zero Mark – this answer identifies the cause of inequality not the action]

Credit reference to aspects of the following — GOVERNMENT

1. All major benefits provided by Central Government including: Universal Credit; Attendance Allowance; Disability Living Allowance, Carers Allowance etc.
2. Elderly Benefits: Pension Credits; Winter Fuel payment; Cold Weather Payments and free TV Licence for over 75yrs.
3. Council Tax Benefit: Helps to meet the financial needs of low income groups by providing a reduction in their Council Tax bill.
4. Families: Free School Meals; School Clothing vouchers, Maternity Allowance and Educational Maintenance Allowance (EMA).
5. Disability Living Allowance (Known from April 2013 as Person Independence Payments): Paid to those under 65 who have extra costs created by a disability.
6. Recent legislation e.g. Childcare Act [2006], Equality Act [2010]

INDIVIDUALS

1. Taking individual responsibility for circumstances.
2. Working hard at school, college & university.
3. Undertaking voluntary work to gain skills/experience.
4. Contributing to charity – altruistic actions.
5. Setting a good example for peers/friends/family.
6. Making full use of government help eg training schemes or Job Centre Plus.

VOLUNTARY SECTOR

1. Charities: groups such as Barnardo's, Enable Scotland, Glasgow's Children's Holiday Scheme or Glasgow the Caring City who help the most vulnerable in society.
2. Housing Associations: Non-profit making organisations that provide low cost social housing.
3. Credit Unions: Providing low cost loans and mortgages to its members.

PRIVATE SECTOR

1. Retail/Shops: Providing special discount days for vulnerable groups eg B&Q Pensioners discount.
2. Leisure Facilities: Concession and reduced gym membership rates for students, pensioners and families. Special family meals deal in restaurants.
3. Private Schools/Nurseries: Reduced fees for more than one child.
4. Supermarkets: Introduction of low cost/value brand fruit and vegetables.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Some people live in poverty because they don't have a job. [1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point]
2. Some people live in poverty because they have lost their job because of a recession. [2 marks – accurate point with development]
3. Some people live in poverty because they lack qualifications. This might be because they did not try hard at school and did not pass any exams. This makes it harder for them to find a job that is well paid, so might only be able to get work in lower paid jobs such as working in a shop. [3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification]
4. Some people live in poverty because of their family type. For example, a lone parent family may be more at risk from poverty than a family that has two working parents. Also many lone parent families are headed by women who tend to get paid less than men. Lone parents might live in poverty because they are dependent on benefits as it might be difficult for them to find work with hours suitable or pay for child care when working. [4 marks – relevant, accurate point with development, analysis and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Occupations: Some people have well-paid jobs such as professionals, while others may work in lower paid occupations.
2. Recession: Some people might lose their jobs during a recession. The jobs that are normally affected first are lower paid service sector jobs.
3. Long term unemployment: Some groups such as NEETs may never have had a job, and subsequently find it difficult to get a job without experience so remain on benefits and unemployed.
4. Educational attainment: Some people leave school with no or few qualifications, which means they cannot enter further or higher education. This means that they don't have the same earning potential as someone who has gone to college or university so will generally be paid less.
5. Household Structure: A household with one adult is more likely to live in poverty than a household with two adults.
6. Lack of skills: Some people, for example the elderly, may not have skills appropriate to the job market, eg IT skills, so find it difficult to find employment.
7. Ill health: Some people may have long term health problems that mean they cannot work or have to give up work because of poor health, eg cancer sufferers.
8. Social problems: Some people experience social problems such as addictions to drugs and alcohol that may affect their ability to find or hold down a stable job. Other social problems such as involvement in crime may push a person into poverty if they have a criminal record they might find it harder to get a job.
9. Race: Ethnic minorities still experience prejudice and discrimination. Those with language difficulties might find it difficult to get a job, and therefore have difficulty accessing a decent level of income. Poverty rates amongst ethnic minorities are higher than whites.
10. Gender: More women work part-time or in lower paid jobs. Also wage inequality means women are paid on average 15% less than men, so lowering their earning potential.
11. Age and disability: The elderly have higher poverty rates as many rely solely on the state retirement pension. Disability poverty levels are also higher than average poverty rates as 30% of disabled adults live in poverty compared to 20% of the overall adult population.

Sophie Wilson is supported (not selective) in her view "There have been great improvements in the UK's health in the last 10 years."

1. Sophie's view is supported (not selective) by Source 1 which shows that life expectancy has increased. [1 marks –accurate use of Source 1 but minimal development]
2. Sophie's view is supported (not selective) by Source 1 which shows that life expectancy has increased in the last 10 years from 77 years to 80 years because we are making better lifestyle choices. [2 marks – accurate use of Source 1 and detailed use of statistics]
3. Sophie's view is supported (not selective) by Source 1 which shows people are making better lifestyles choices. This is supported by Source 2 that shows the number of people smoking has decreased by 5% for both men and women in the last 10 years. This has also led to a decrease in the number of heart attacks associated with smoking. This shows that the UK's health has improved. [3 marks – accurate information from two Sources with some evaluation of the statistics, ie '..this shows the UK's health has improved.']

Credit reference to aspects of the following (support)

1. People are eating healthier and exercising more (Source 1).
2. Big decrease in death rates compared to other countries (Source 1).
3. Smoking rates for men and women have fallen (Source 2) because Government outlawed smoking in public places (Source 3).
4. The number of admissions to hospitals has decreased, these include children's asthmas admissions from 26,969 cases in 2006 to 20,167 cases in 2013 (Source 3).
5. The Government has worked hard to improve the health of the nation (Source 1) by passing laws banning smoking in public places (Source 3).

Sophie Wilson is opposed (selective) in her view "There have been great improvements in the UK's health in the last 10 years."

1. Sophie's view is opposed (selective) as Source 1 shows many doctors warn that more has to be done to tackle the growing problem of childhood obesity and the health problems it causes. This is supported by Source 2 that shows the number of adults who are classed as obese has also risen over the last 10 years, with a 5% increase in Scotland and a 4% increase in England. This shows that health relating to obesity has not improved over the last 10 years. [3 marks – accurate information from two Sources with some evaluation of the statistics, ie '..this shows Britain's health has not improved..']

Credit reference to aspects of the following (oppose)

1. Source 1 shows that obesity is a big problem in the UK.
2. Britain's health still poor compared with other Western European Countries (Source 1).
3. Since 2004, the number of obese children suffering from diabetes has doubled (Source 1)
4. Obesity rates in Scotland and in England are increasing (Source 2).
5. Approximately one in five adults continue to smoke in the UK (Source 3), with male smoking rates constantly higher than female rates (Source 2).
6. Source 3 shows that people are still making bad health choices, especially in Scotland with 27% of adults smoking and up to 40% in deprived inner city areas.( Source 3)