2018 exam paper

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. MSPs can represent their constituents in the Scottish Parliament by asking a question at First Minister's Question Time. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. MSPs can represent their constituents in the Scottish Parliament by asking a question at First Minister's Question Time. FMQT takes place every Thursday at midday. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. MSPs can represent their constituents in the Scottish Parliament by asking a question at First Minister's Question Time. FMQT takes place every Thursday at midday. Recently, Conservative MSP Liz Smith asked the First Minister whether the Scottish Government will review the school inspection process. (3 marks - accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. taking part in a debate in the Scottish Parliament
2. proposing a Members' Bill in the Parliament
3. voting on new or changes to existing laws
4. working/membership of a committee
5. asking a question at General Question Time.

PRESSURE GROUPS

1. One method used by pressure groups to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a petition. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One method used by pressure groups to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a petition. Recently many petitions have been submitted to the Scottish Parliament Petitions Committee. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. One method used by pressure groups to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a petition. Recently many petitions have been submitted to the Scottish Parliament Petitions Committee. For example, Fans Against Criminalisation submitted a petition with nearly 10,000 signatures calling for the repeal of the Offensive Behaviour Act. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Credit reference to aspects of the following:
5. organise a protest/demonstration
6. lobby a representative such as an MP, MSP or Councillor
7. leaflet/poster campaigns
8. take 'direct action'
9. organise a social media campaign.

TRADE UNIONS

1. One method used by trade unions to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a demonstration. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One method used by trade unions to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a demonstration. Trade unions often organise demonstrations to draw the government's attention to their members' concerns. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. One method used by trade unions to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a demonstration. Trade unions often organise demonstrations to draw the government's attention to their members' concerns. For example, the UNITE union organised a national demonstration in March 2017 to highlight their concerns for the NHS using the slogan 'Our NHS, no cuts, no closures, no privatisation'. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. lobbying a representative such as an MP, MSP or Councillor
5. leaflet/poster campaigns
6. taking industrial action eg work-to-rule/overtime ban/strike
7. organising a social media campaign
8. negotiations with employer.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. People choose not to vote because they don't identify with one of the main political parties. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. People choose not to vote because they don't identify with one of the main political parties. They view the party policies as being very similar eg in 2017 both Labour and Conservative pledged to build one million homes. (3 marks - accurate point with development and exemplification)
3. People choose not to vote because they don't identify with one of the main political parties. They view the party policies as being very similar eg in 2017 both Labour and Conservative pledged to build one million homes. This may have contributed to around one in three people choosing not to vote. (4 marks - accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. basic right not to vote
2. voter apathy
3. have not registered
4. safe seats
5. lack of trust in MSPs/political system
6. lack of role models
7. alternative outlets for participation eg pressure groups.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The First Minister is very powerful because they are the leader of the largest party in the Scottish Parliament. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The First Minister is very powerful because they are the leader of the largest party in the Scottish Parliament. In 2016, Nicola Sturgeon was returned as First Minister with 63 MSPs. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. The First Minister is very powerful because they are the leader of the largest party in the Scottish Parliament. In 2016, Nicola Sturgeon was returned as First Minister with 63 MSPs. This was more than any other party and allows the First Minister to implement government legislation eg the Budget. (4 marks – accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. power of appointment – hiring and firing ministers
2. Executive head
3. chairing the Cabinet and setting the Cabinet agenda
4. media attention
5. relationships with foreign leaders.

Support

1. I can support the view of Archie Murray when he states 'there is widespread support for replacing the current system used to elect MPs… in the House of Commons' because Source 3 shows that Green MP Caroline Lucas states 'the movement for a fairer voting system is stronger than ever'. (1 mark – accurate use of Source 3 but minimal development)
2. I can support the view of Archie Murray when he states 'there is widespread support for replacing the current system used to elect MPs… in the House of Commons' because Source 3 shows that Green MP Caroline Lucas states 'the movement for a fairer voting system is stronger than ever.' This can be linked within Source 1 because it explains that Lucas' Private Members' Bill for electoral reform received cross-party support from five different political parties. (2 marks – accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence)
3. I can support the view of Archie Murray when he states 'there is widespread support for replacing the current system used to elect MPs… in the House of Commons' because Source 1 shows that there has been a rise in popularity of reform groups supporting changing the way we elect MPs. This can be linked to Source 3 where Iain Thorpe from Earth News states they will continue to campaign against the use of first-past-the-post in UK elections and work with a cross-party group of MPs calling for immediate action. This shows that people are still unhappy and will continue to campaign for change. (3 marks – accurate information linked from two sources with some evaluation of the information ie 'this shows…').
4. Credit reference to aspects of the following:
5. increasing support for changing the voting system. 25% in 2005 but by 2017 this had increased to just over 40% (nearly doubled) (Source 2)
6. views of Molly Miller 'growing tide of support for change' (Source 3)
7. Electoral Reform Society has supported the idea of changing the system used for voting since 1884 (Source 3)
8. Private Members' Bill supported by five different political parties linked to Source 3 detailing support from Labour UKIP, SNP, Liberal Democrats and Greens (Source 1)
9. Labour MP voicing support for the Electoral Reform Bill (Source 3).

Oppose

1. I can oppose the view of Archie Murray when he states 'there is widespread support for replacing the current system used to elect MPs in the House of Commons' because Source 1 states opponents to change argue that the 'public want to retain the current system as they recognised that it works'. (1 mark – accurate use of Source 1 but minimal development)
2. I can oppose the view of Archie Murray when he states 'there is widespread support for replacing the current system used to elect MPs in the House of Commons' because Source 1 states opponents to change argue that the 'public want to retain the current system as they recognise that it works'. This can be linked to Source 2 that shows that in 2017 over half of those surveyed did not want electoral reform for General Elections. (2 marks – accurate use of sources 1 & 2 that links two pieces of evidence)
3. I can oppose the view of Archie Murray when he states 'there is widespread support for replacing the current system used to elect MPs in the House of Commons' because Source 3 states that the Private Members' Bill put forward by Caroline Lucas was voted down in the House of Commons by 81 to 74 votes, demonstrating that there is not widespread support for replacing the current system. This can be linked to Source 2 which further proves this point as it shows that in the referendum on replacing the current system the majority of voters said 'no'. In total, a substantial 13 million voters, more than double that of the yes voters, did not support for replacing the current system. (3 marks – accurate information linked from two sources with some evaluative language ie 'majority' 'substantial' 'more than double')
4. supporters argue FPTP has many benefits, eg simple to use and stable governments (Source 1)
5. desire for change not supported by current government and opposition (Source 1)
6. 13,013,123 voters said 'No' to changing the parliamentary voting system (Source 2)
7. Joe Charlton 'we have already had a referendum that delivered a decisive decision' & 'the government is right not to support any change' (Source 3)
8. Niamh Armour 'if we move to PR then extremist parties will gain power…' (Source 3).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. MPs can represent their constituents in the UK Parliament by asking a question at Prime Minister's Question Time. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. MPs can represent their constituents in the UK Parliament by asking a question at Prime Minister's Question Time. PMQT takes place every Wednesday at midday. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. MPs can represent their constituents in the UK Parliament by asking a question at Prime Minister's Question Time. PMQT takes place every Wednesday at midday. Recently, SNP MP Alison Thewliss asked a question around personal independence payments. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. taking part in a debate in the House of Commons
2. proposing a Private Members' Bill within the Commons
3. voting on new or changes to existing laws
4. working/membership of a Select Committee
5. asking a question at Question Time.

PRESSURE GROUPS

1. One method used by pressure groups to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a petition. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One method used by pressure groups to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a petition. Recently many petitions have been organised online using sites such as 'change.org'. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. One method used by pressure groups to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a petition. If a petition obtains more than 100,000 signatures, then the government is obliged to consider debating the issue in the House of Commons, such as the debate held over President Trump's state visit to the UK which received 1·5 million signatures. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Credit reference to aspects of the following:
5. organise a protest/demonstration
6. lobby a representative such as an MP, MSP or Councillor
7. leaflet/poster campaigns
8. take 'direct action'
9. organise a social media campaign.

TRADE UNIONS

1. One method used by trade unions to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a demonstration. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One method used by trade unions to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a demonstration. Trade unions often organise demonstrations to draw the government's attention to their members' concerns. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. One method used by trade unions to gain influence in a democracy is to organise a demonstration. Trade unions often organise demonstrations to draw the government's attention to their members' concerns. For example, the UNITE union organised a national demonstration in March 2017 to highlight their concerns for the NHS using the slogan 'Our NHS, no cuts, no closures, no privatisation'. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. lobbying a representative such as an MP, MSP or Councillor
5. leaflet/poster campaigns
6. taking industrial action eg work-to-rule/overtime ban/strike
7. organising a social media campaign
8. negotiations with employer.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. People choose not to vote because they don't identify with one of the main political parties. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. People choose not to vote because they don't identify with one of the main political parties. They view the party policies as being very similar eg in 2017 both Labour and Conservative pledged to build one million homes. (3 marks - accurate point with development and exemplification)
3. People choose not to vote because they don't identify with one of the main political parties. They view the party policies as being very similar eg in 2017 both Labour and Conservative pledged to build one million homes. This may have contributed to around one in three people choosing not to vote. (4 marks - accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. basic right not to vote
2. voter apathy
3. have not registered
4. safe seats
5. lack of trust in MPs/political system
6. lack of role models
7. alternative outlets for participation eg pressure groups.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they are the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they are the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons. In 2017, Theresa May was returned as Prime Minister with 318 MPs. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they are the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons. In 2017, Theresa May was returned as Prime Minister with 318 MPs. This was more than any other party and allows the Prime Minister to implement government legislation eg Brexit. (4 marks – accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. power of appointment – hiring and firing ministers
2. honours list
3. Executive head
4. chairing the Cabinet and setting the Cabinet agenda
5. media attention
6. relationships with foreign leaders.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MILITARY TO THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT

1. Conclusion: The military are not seen as important to the Indonesian Government. (1 mark - valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: The military are not seen as important to the Indonesian Government. Evidence: This is supported by Source 1 which shows Indonesia is ranked 116th in the world for military spending. (2 marks - conclusion and evidence from one source)
3. Conclusion: The military are not seen as important to the Indonesian Government. Evidence: This is supported by Source 1 which shows Indonesia is ranked 116th in the world for military spending and further by Source 2 where South Sudan spends far more of its GDP on the military (10·3% of its GDP) compared to only 0·9% of Indonesia's GDP. (3 marks - conclusion and information from two sources with evaluative terminology)

THE IMPORTANCE OF INDONESIA'S EXPORTS

1. Conclusion: Indonesia has some very important exports. (1 mark - valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: Indonesia has some very important exports. Evidence: Source 3 states that Indonesia is the world's biggest producer of palm oil, farming over 6 million hectares. (2 marks - conclusion and evidence from one source)
3. Conclusion: Indonesia has some very important exports. Evidence: Source 3 states that Indonesia is the world's biggest producer of palm oil, farming over 6 million hectares, it exports 14·4 billion dollars worth of palm oil compared to Malaysia which only exports 9·1 billion dollars worth. This is over 5 billion dollars more. (3 marks - conclusion and two pieces of evidence from one source and evaluation)

INDONESIA'S INFLUENCE WITHIN ALLIANCES

1. Conclusion: Indonesia is very influential within alliances. (1 mark - valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: Indonesia is very influential within alliances. Evidence: Source 1 shows that Indonesia is a member of several important alliances such as the G20 and the UN. (2 marks - conclusion and evidence from one source)
3. Conclusion: Indonesia is very influential within alliances. Evidence: Source 1 shows that Indonesia is a member of several important alliances such as the G20 and the UN. Indonesia is the only ASEAN member of the G20 according to Source 3, which gives it more influence than other Asian countries. (3 marks - conclusion and information from two sources)

THE IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM TO INDONESIA

1. Conclusion: Tourism is very important to Indonesia. (1 mark - valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: Tourism is very important to Indonesia. Evidence: Source 2 shows that tourism brings in almost 10 billion dollars to the economy. (2 marks - conclusion and evidence from one source)
3. Conclusion: Tourism is very important to Indonesia. Evidence: Source 2 shows that tourism brings in almost 10 billion dollars to the economy. This links to Source 3 which states the government has also set up a department to promote tourism which is significant as it must view it as important. (3 marks - conclusion and information from two sources with evaluation)

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Nationalism is one of the main causes of terrorism. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Nationalism is one of the main causes of terrorism as some people want independence for the area they live in but feel they cannot get this peacefully. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Nationalism is one of the main causes of terrorism as some people want independence for the area they live in but feel they cannot get this peacefully. For example, ETA have fought for the independence of the Basque region of Spain. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. religion
2. revenge
3. corrupt Governments
4. Civil War
5. poor health – HIV
6. poor education
7. debt
8. trade
9. nuclear proliferation.

Possible approaches to answering the question — ISSUE – UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. The UN sends emergency relief aid. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The UN sends emergency relief aid to assist with disasters such as famine and drought, and has sent items such as medical supplies and food. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. UNICEF works as part of the UN to improve the lives of children. It is working with schools to help improve rates of literacy and has a campaign called Schools for Africa to help some of the millions of children in Africa who do not get the chance to go to school because of war, poverty or discrimination. (3 marks – accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. food/water/emergency relief
2. medical equipment/experts/medicines/vaccinations
3. peace talks/treaty negotiations
4. economic sanctions
5. UN resolutions
6. economic aid
7. specialist workers – engineers, scientists etc
8. financial aid through the World Bank
9. UN may hold peace talks eg with Syrian government during times of conflict. Pressure for government to resign
10. military action by NATO
11. peacekeeping operations.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Civil war has an impact on other countries because they will have to deal with refugees. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Civil war has an impact on other countries because they will have to deal with refugees. Many civilians try to escape the war and cross the border into other countries which have to provide shelter. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Civil war has an impact on other countries because they will have to deal with refugees. Many civilians try to escape the war and cross the border into other countries which have to provide shelter. For example, many have fled Syria to escape the war to countries such as Greece. (3 marks – accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. membership of NATO means country can be expected to go to war
2. creates instability within your country
3. membership of UN means countries have to pay to provide aid
4. economic refugees
5. effects of mass migration
6. pressure placed on government to provide aid for humanitarian reasons
7. effect of terrorism.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Many countries rely on China for trade. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Many countries rely on China for trade. Australia relies on China to buy minerals from them. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Many countries rely on China for trade. Australia relies on China to buy minerals from them. 13% of Australia's exports are thermal coal to China. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. impact of multinationals
2. imports/exports
3. finance/banking
4. financial aid
5. services.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Canadian Government has tried to reduce social inequalities by encouraging people to make better lifestyle choices. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The USA has tried to reduce social inequalities in health by providing help with buying food. SNAP cost the US government $70.9 billion per year. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. The Chinese Government have launched Healthy China 2020. This is a plan to provide universal healthcare coverage for all Chinese people. The Chinese Government have allocated billions more in spending to support this plan. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. health: passing laws, providing free health care, issuing public guidelines (smoking/exercise/healthy eating)
2. education: benefits to encourage students to stay at school; student loans; scholarships and bursaries; investment in education
3. housing: social housing; help with housing costs
4. anti-discrimination legislation
5. welfare benefits
6. crime reduction
7. employment schemes.

Possible approaches to answering the question — CHINA

1. Some people are poorly represented in government as they are not in the Communist Party. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Those living and working in rural areas are poorly represented in national government as they are less likely to be members of the Communist Party. The rural Chinese can take part in local committees but these tend to only focus on local issues and not on provincial, national or international issues. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (China)

1. income/poverty
2. urban/rural divide
3. gender – national government still dominated by men
4. party membership is limited and has restrictions
5. migrant workers may not be registered and cannot participate
6. those with anti-communist views or those who support democratic reform are not well represented and are often silenced by the authorities
7. pressure group activists are not represented especially if they oppose the Communist system.

USA

1. Black Americans are not well represented as there are few Black role models in government. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Black Americans are not well represented as they are more likely to be poor. This tends to mean that they are less likely to run for office. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Hispanic Americans are less likely to be represented in government as there is a much lower participation rate among Hispanics. Some have difficulty as English is not their first language so politics and government is difficult for them to understand. This leads to fewer Latinos being elected to a high office position such as Governor or Senator. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (USA)

1. low paid unskilled work/white collar jobs. Difference in participation leads to difference in representation
2. Blacks and Hispanics experience social and economic inequality as a result of poverty. Apathetic, few role models, other priorities. Greater representation in local elections
3. women remain underrepresented as they either do not run for office or are not chosen by the big two parties, despite the fact that women are more likely to vote in presidential elections
4. poorly educated are poorly represented and are less likely to vote
5. some recent immigrants may not have legal status and may lack representation as a result
6. homeless people may be unlikely to vote and lack representation.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One way that perpetrators can be affected by crime is that they can be given a prison sentence. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that perpetrators can be affected by crime is that they can be given a prison sentence. If given a prison sentence, perpetrators may then lose contact with their family and friends. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. One way that perpetrators can be affected by crime is that they can be given a prison sentence. If given a prison sentence, perpetrators may then lose contact with their family and friends. This could then lead to isolation and mental health issues which may hinder their rehabilitation. (3 marks - accurate point with development and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. mental health issues
2. loss of family and support network
3. unemployment
4. financial issues – fines/mortgage payments will fall behind
5. homelessness
6. media publicity/public humiliation/embarrassment
7. lack of career opportunities
8. removal from university/college courses
9. decreasing opportunities for friendships and dating relationships
10. trapped in the cycle of crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One reason why some people commit crime as a result of economic issues is due to the fact that they cannot afford to meet their basic needs. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some people commit crime as a result of economic issues is due to the fact that they cannot afford to meet their basic needs. This may be due to the fact that they are unemployed. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. One reason why some people commit crime as a result of economic issues is due to the fact that they cannot afford to meet their basic needs. This may be due to the fact that they are unemployed. People who are unemployed may then suffer from food poverty and could turn to shoplifting in order to survive. For example, benefit sanctions may cause a single mother to turn to shoplifting to provide for her children. (4 marks - accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. poverty
2. broken windows theory
3. greed
4. strain theory
5. social exclusion.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Prisons are effective as they remove dangerous people from society. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Prisons are effective as they remove dangerous people from society. People who commit murders are given life sentences. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. Prisons are effective as they remove dangerous people from society. People who commit murders are given life sentences and are often sent to high security prisons, such as HMP Shotts. This means that people in society feel reassured and the perpetrator is given opportunity for rehabilitation. (4 marks - accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. deterrence
2. rehabilitation
3. retribution
4. punishment.

PRIVATE SECTOR

1. Private companies can build housing for low income groups. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Private companies can build housing for low income groups. Housing developers are often required to build a specified number of affordable homes in new developments. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Private companies can build housing for low income groups. Housing developers build a specified number of affordable homes and then work with the local council and the Scottish government (through the Scottish Futures Trust) who buy the homes and lets them to tenants at affordable rent. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Credit reference to aspects of the following:
5. positive discrimination policies to encourage minority groups
6. Asda's diversity and inclusion policy ensures there is no discrimination in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation or disability
7. B&Q actively recruits from all age groups and, with 28% of its workforce over the age of 50, it has many employees who are semi-retired
8. Sainsbury's actively tries to recruit more 'mature' workers across Britain
9. providing good benefits eg maternity pay, family and sick pay
10. TSB employees receive 4% on top of their basic salary to spend on tax-efficient benefits such as childcare or critical illness cover. Workers are each allowed two paid days a year for voluntary work and the firm allows flexible working hours. Parents are encouraged to attend their children's nativity plays and sports days
11. Iceland frozen food chain made sure frontline staff were paid at least 2% above the national living wage and abolished its lower rate for new starters
12. working with the government in joint projects which create jobs in railways, construction (eg building and maintaining roads and highways). In Scotland, this is now called Non-profit distributing (NPD) and replaces PPI.

VOLUNTARY SECTOR

1. Voluntary sector has charity shops which raise funds to help deprived groups. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Voluntary sector charities, such as Oxfam and Save the Children, have shops which raise funds to help deprived groups. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Voluntary sector charities, such as Oxfam and Save the Children, have shops which raise funds to help deprived groups. They also give opportunities to volunteers to build skills and confidence which will help them get a job. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. research and publish reports, recommendations to the government about tackling poverty and disadvantage eg Joseph Rowntree Foundation
5. some charities, eg Trussell Trust, provide food through a network of food banks across the UK. They can provide 3 days emergency food to families who are struggling to afford basic food items
6. provide advice eg Age Concern provides information and advice over their helpline eg helping people find out the benefits they are entitled to claim
7. befriending services eg Scope run befriending services for families of disabled people and they provide emotional and practical support to struggling parents
8. Comic Relief raises millions of pounds, mainly through two big fundraising campaigns: Red Nose Day and Sport Relief and give these to charity and voluntary organisations around the UK.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Social and economic inequality continues to exist because some people have a better paying job. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Social and economic inequality continues to exist because some people have a better paying job eg a doctor is paid more than a hospital porter. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. Social and economic inequality continues to exist because some people have a better paying job eg a doctor is paid more than a hospital porter. This means that the doctor can choose to live in more affluent areas. (3 marks – accurate point with development and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. unemployment
2. skills and experience
3. number of dependent children
4. education/training
5. poor health: unable to work due to illness
6. racial discrimination
7. gender discrimination
8. criminal record makes it difficult to find work
9. access to healthcare
10. housing/environment
11. inheritance.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Social and economic inequality has a negative consequence on families because they may feel socially excluded. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Social and economic inequality has a negative consequence on families because they may feel socially excluded. For example, they may not be able to afford certain school trips for their children. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. Social and economic inequality has a negative consequence on families because they may feel socially excluded. For example, they may not be able to afford certain school trips for their children. This could lead to the children feeling isolated, developing low self-esteem and being victims of bullying. This applies to almost one in four children in the UK. (4 marks – accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. cycle of poverty
2. poor health (physical and mental)
3. poor housing
4. underperformance in education
5. the cost to wider society eg taxation
6. crime.

Option 1: The Scottish Government should build a prison for elderly prisoners.

1. The Scottish Government should build a new prison for elderly prisoners. Evidence to support this can be found in Source 2 where it states that 'Purpose built prisons for the elderly are the only solution: prisoners' human rights are not being met!' This is further backed up in Source 3 where it states 'Frail and ill, older prisoners are being denied their human rights. They often struggle to carry out the most basic daily tasks, such as carrying their meals back to their cells and washing themselves.' (2 marks – evidence linked from Source 2 and Source 3)
2. Credit reference to aspects of the following:
3. recently there has been increasing evidence that the physical needs of elderly prisoners are not being met in current prisons, as the buildings are not suitable (Source 1)
4. most prisons are designed for the young and able. In the UK, there is only one prison that has a wing specifically designed for the elderly (Source 1)
5. most prison buildings are multi-storey with only stairs and no lifts. Many have narrow doors and corridors. The conditions the prisoners have to live in make for a particularly intimidating and inaccessible environment for elderly prisoners (Source 1)
6. in March 2017, there were 102 prisoners aged over 80 in Scotland, and 5 who were 90 or older. These types of prisoners have needs that are constantly changing and a purpose built prison would help to meet their needs (Source 1)
7. 'Surge in pension-age prisoners: Specially designed cells as part of a new state of the art pensioner prison are desperately needed to cope with elderly crime wave' (Source 2)
8. elderly prisoner numbers have increased from 660 in 2011 to approximately 750 in 2017 (Source 2)
9. 'A purpose built prison is the only solution, no matter what the cost' (Source 2)
10. a purpose built prison is the only solution to the constantly increasing number of elderly prisoners and this is likely to be more of a challenge in the future as prison numbers are increasing and our prisons are already overcrowded (Source 3).

Reasons for rejecting other option:

1. I did not choose Option 2 as although some people may say that 'Even basic building changes such as installing a stairlift, would solve many of the issues that elderly prisoners have.' (Source 3), this is not true as in Source 3 it also says 'Adapting current prisons is not an option as the buildings are not wheelchair friendly and so many structural changes would need to take place, this would be very costly'. (2 marks awarded for using two pieces of information from Source 3 to form a rebuttal. Do not credit if marks have already been awarded for this point)

Option 2: The Scottish Government should adapt existing prisons for elderly prisoners.

1. The Scottish Government should adapt existing prisons to meet the needs of elderly prisoners as in Source 2 it states that 'Adapting prisons to meet elderly prisoners' needs would cost much less than building a new purpose built prison for the elderly'. (1 mark – evidence drawn from Source 2)
2. The Scottish Government should adapt current prisons to meet the needs of elderly prisoners as in Source 2 it states 'Adapting prisons to meet elderly prisoners' needs would cost much less than building a new purpose built prison for the elderly' and Source 3 states 'The Government does not have the funding to build new purpose built prisons for the elderly'. (2 marks – evidence linked from Sources 2 and 3)
3. the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) has 13 publicly managed prisons and 2 privately run prisons. There have been some changes made to these buildings to cater for elderly prisoners and this has made life easier for some (Source 1)
4. one prison has tried to accommodate these prisoners; they have put in a stairlift and adapted 10 of their cells to meet elderly people's needs. This cost the Government £560,000 but has made a massive difference to elderly prisoners' lives (Source 1)
5. '94 year old prisoner dies in his cell after falling out of his bed. Bed guards could have saved his life' (Source 2)
6. 'Adapting prisons to meet elderly prisoners' needs would cost much less than building a new purpose built prison for the elderly' (Source 2)
7. adapting prisons is a much more economical solution to the problem (Source 3)
8. even basic building changes such as installing a stairlift, would solve many of the issues that elderly prisoners have. The average cost of installing a stairlift is £3,475 (Source 3).

Reasons for rejecting the other option:

1. Although some people would argue that building a purpose built prison for elderly prisoners is the best option, this would cost £250 million (Source 3). Therefore, Option 1 is not the correct choice as Source 2 states that 'Adapting prisons to meet elderly prisoners' needs would cost much less than building a new purpose built prison for the elderly'. This is further backed up in Source 3 where it states that even really basic building changes like putting a stairlift in, would solve many of the issues that elderly prisoners have. The average cost of putting a stairlift in is £3,475. This shows that there are much more economical solutions to the issues arising from an elderly prison population as even fitting a stairlift in each of the prisons in Scotland would cost less than building a purpose built prison. (3 marks – evidence drawn from two sources, with evaluative comment)