2022 exam paper

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One key feature of a democracy is voting. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One key feature of a democracy is voting. In Scotland, people can vote for their MSP to represent them in Parliament. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One key feature of a democracy is voting. In Scotland, people can vote for their MSP to represent them in Parliament. For example, in 2021 the constituents in Falkirk West voted for Michael Matheson to be their constituency MSP. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. right to free speech
2. right to protest
3. freedom of the media
4. independent judiciary
5. organised opposition parties.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One-way MSPs represent their constituents is by asking a question at First Minister's Question Time. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One-way MSPs represent their constituents is by asking a question at First Minister's Question Time. This allows MSPs to hold the Scottish Government to account. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One-way MSPs represent their constituents is by asking a question at First Minister's Question Time. This allows MSPs to hold the Scottish Government to account. For example, Douglas Ross asked Nicola Sturgeon about drug deaths in November 2021. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. attend meetings with other local representatives/business leaders
2. participate in the work of Committees
3. respond to constituents' enquiries
4. take part in parliamentary debates
5. introduce a members' bill
6. vote on new laws.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One advantage of the Additional Member System is that it is a more proportional system. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One advantage of the Additional Member System is that it is a more proportional system. This is because the percentage of votes more closely relates to the percentage of seats won by a party. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One advantage of the Additional Member System is that it is a more proportional system. This is because the percentage of votes more closely relates to the percentage of seats won by a party. For example, the 2021 Scottish Parliament elections saw a maximum difference of 6% between the votes received and the MSPs returned. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One advantage of the Additional Member System is that it is a more proportional system. This is because the percentage of votes more closely relates to the percentage of seats won by a party. For example, the 2021 Scottish Parliament elections saw a maximum difference of 6% between the votes received and the MSPs returned. In turn this allows for a larger representation of views to be heard. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis).

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Advantages

1. retains elements of FPTP so some direct representation — voters in every constituency know who to contact
2. greater choice — each voter can contact a number of MSPs due to the regional list element
3. smaller parties can be successful
4. fewer wasted votes.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Disadvantages

1. more complex than FPTP
2. multiple representatives may cause confusion for some voters
3. not the most proportional system
4. minority governments can occur
5. coalitions are likely.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in Scotland because they believe their voice does not count. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in Scotland because they believe their voice does not count. This can be because they live in safe seat areas and are put off participating in elections because the same party wins all the time. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in Scotland because they believe their voice does not count. This can be because they live in safe seat areas and are put off participating in elections because the same party wins all the time. For example, the safest seat in Scotland is Dundee City East with an SNP majority of 13,337. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in the UK because they believe their voice does not count. This can be because they live in safe seat areas and are put off participating in elections because the same party wins all the time. For example, the safest seat in Scotland is Dundee City East with a SNP majority of 13,337. Therefore, anyone in this constituency who does not support the SNP may feel it is a waste of time to participate in elections. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis).

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. lack of interest in politics
2. lack of knowledge about politics — politically illiterate
3. disillusionment in political system
4. age — too young
5. distrust of politicians
6. doesn't think participation makes a difference
7. lack of role models — race and gender.

PROGRESS TOWARDS EQUALITY IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS

1. Conclusion: Very good progress has been made towards equality in the House of Commons. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: Very good progress has been made towards equality in the House of Commons. Evidence: In Source 1 it states that 'current levels of female representation in the House of Commons have seen a big improvement since the 1992 UK general election'. (2 marks — valid conclusion with evidence)
3. Conclusion: Very good progress has been made towards equality in the House of Commons. Evidence: In Source 1 it states that 'current levels of female representation in the House of Commons have seen a big improvement since the 1992 UK general election'. This can be linked with Source 3 which shows a substantial increase of 16% of female MPs elected to the House of Commons between 1997 and 2019. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)

FEMALE REPRESENTATION IN THE UK COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES

1. Conclusion: None. Evidence: In Source 1 it states that 'a 2019 report ranked the UK 39th out of 190 countries when it comes to parliamentary equality.' (1 mark — correct identification of information)
2. Conclusion: Female representation in the UK is better than most other countries. Evidence: In Source 1 it states that 'a 2019 report ranks the UK 39th out of 190 countries when it comes to parliamentary equality.' (2 marks — valid conclusion with evidence)
3. Conclusion: Female representation in the UK Parliament is better than most other countries. Evidence: In Source 1 it states that 'a 2019 report ranked the UK 39th out of 190 countries when it comes to parliamentary equality'. This can be linked to Source 2 which shows that the female representation in the UK Parliament is 31%. (2 marks — valid conclusion and two pieces of evidence, however no evaluative terminology)

THE UK DEVOLVED INSTITUTION WHERE FEMALE REPRESENTATION HAS IMPROVED THE MOST SINCE 1999

1. Conclusion: The Northern Irish Assembly is the UK devolved institution where female representation has improved the most since 1999. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: The Northern Irish Assembly is the UK devolved institution where female representation has improved the most since 1999. Evidence: Source 3 highlights that female representation in Northern Ireland has increased from 8% in 1999 to 34% in 2021. (2 marks — valid conclusion with evidence)
3. Conclusion: The Northern Irish Assembly is the UK devolved institution where female representation has improved the most since 1999. Evidence: Source 3 highlights that in comparison to Scotland and Wales, Northern Ireland has made the greatest progress. Between 1999 and 2021 female representation rose dramatically by more than four times from 8% to 34% in comparison to Scotland and Wales where there was only a minor increase of 3% in the Welsh Assembly and 8% in the Scottish Parliament. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)

THE COUNTRY WHERE FEMALE REPRESENTATION IS CLOSEST TO ACHIEVING PARLIAMENTARY EQUALITY

1. Conclusion: Spain is the country where female representation is closest to achieving parliamentary equality. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: Spain is the country where female representation is closest to achieving parliamentary equality. Evidence: In Source 2 it states that women account for 51% of the population and make up 44% of the Spanish parliament. (2 marks — valid conclusion with evidence)
3. Conclusion: Spain is the country where female representation is closest to achieving parliamentary equality. Evidence: In Source 2 it states that women account for 51% of the population and make up 44% of the Spanish parliament. This can be linked to Source 1 which states that 'parliamentary equality means that the proportion of women in a national parliament is equal to their numbers in the general population'. While Spain's parliament does not have an exact proportion, falling 7% short, it does come closer than the other selected countries in Source 2. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One key feature of a democracy is voting. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One key feature of a democracy is voting. In the UK, people can vote for their MP to represent them in Parliament. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One key feature of a democracy is voting. In the UK, people can vote for their MP to represent them in Parliament. For example, in 2019 the constituents of Falkirk voted for John McNally to be their constituency MP. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. right to free speech
2. right to protest
3. freedom of the media
4. independent judiciary
5. organised opposition parties.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One-way MPs represent their constituents is by asking a question at Prime Minister's Questions. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One-way MPs represent their constituents is by asking a question at Prime Minister's Questions. This allows MPs to hold the Government to account. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One-way MPs represent their constituents is by asking a question at Prime Minister's Questions. This allows MPs to hold the Government to account. For example, Keir Starmer asked Boris Johnson about the removal of the £20 Universal Credit uplift. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. attend meetings with other local representatives/business leaders
2. participate in the work of Committees
3. respond to constituents' enquiries
4. take part in parliamentary debates
5. introduce a private members' bill
6. vote on new laws.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One advantage of First Past the Post is that it is simple to understand. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One advantage of First Past the Post is that it is simple to understand. This is because the winner of each constituency election is the candidate with the most votes. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One advantage of First Past the Post is that it is simple to understand. This is because the winner of each constituency election is the candidate with the most votes. For example, Stewart McDonald MP (Glasgow South) was elected in 2019 with 22,829 votes. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One advantage of First Past the Post is that it is simple to understand. This is because the winner of each constituency election is the candidate with the most votes. For example, Stewart McDonald MP (Glasgow South) was elected in 2019 with 22,829 votes. This was 9,000 votes more than the candidate in second place, Johann Lamont who gained 13,824 votes. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Advantages

1. results are known relatively quickly
2. straightforward system means voters not confused
3. normally results in stable governments being formed
4. reduces likelihood of extremist parties gaining office
5. its use is supported by the public — voted no change in an Alternative Vote referendum
6. strong MP/constituency link.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Disadvantages

1. not proportional
2. limited choice
3. wasted votes
4. not fair on small parties
5. possible for party to form majority government on minority of the popular vote
6. many won't vote for smaller parties in a safe seat.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in the UK because they believe their voice does not count. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in the UK because they believe their voice does not count. This can be because they live in safe seat areas and are put off participating in elections because the same party wins all the time. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in the UK because they believe their voice does not count. This can be because they live in safe seat areas and are put off participating in elections because the same party wins all the time. For example, Liverpool Walton is the safest seat in Britain with a Labour majority of 30,520 votes. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Some people are less likely than others to participate in politics in the UK because they believe their voice does not count. This can be because they live in safe seat areas and are put off participating in elections because the same party wins all the time. For example, Liverpool Walton is the safest seat in Britain with a Labour majority of 30,520 votes. Therefore, anyone in this constituency who does not support Labour may feel it is a waste of time to participate in elections as it would be very difficult for another party to overturn this majority. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. lack of interest in politics
2. lack of knowledge about politics — political illiterate
3. disillusionment in political system
4. age — too young
5. distrust of politicians
6. doesn't think participation makes a difference
7. lack of role models — race and gender.

Option 1 — Vote for Avril Baker

1. One reason to vote for Avril is that in Source 1 she says 'there will be an increase in wind and wave power within a decade to ensure we combat climate change'. (1 mark — evidence drawn from Source 1)
2. One reason to vote for Avril is that in Source 1 she says 'there will be an increase in wind and wave power within a decade to ensure we combat climate change'. This is supported by Source 3 which states 'Environmental pressure groups are also promoting greater use of alternative green energy sources such as wind and wave power.' (2 marks — evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 3)
3. create modern apprenticeships in the film and TV industry to reverse youth unemployment rates (Source 1) links with Source 3, as TV and film companies are keen to employ more young people
4. 'I would work with the LGBTQ community to ensure there is equality in all laws. There is a strong feeling in the province that some laws are outdated and need reformed'. (Source 1) linking with Source 3 which says 'The province still has laws that do not promote equality for the LGBTQ community,' and also Source 2 where 67% agree Florin should have an LGBTQ inclusive society
5. 'I will work to increase the average incomes within Florin which remain low' (Source 1), linking to Source 2 which shows the average income to be almost $13,000, less than Andacia.

Option 1 — Reasons for rejecting the other option

1. I rejected John Reynolds as he says in Source 1 that too few young people stay on in high school compared to the rest of Andacia, but Source 2 shows that a higher proportion of young people stay on in high school in Florin — 84% compared to 77% overall in Andacia. Seven percent is a significant difference showing this is not an issue in Florin. (3 marks — evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 2 with an evaluative comment)

Option 2 — Vote for John Reynolds

1. One reason to vote for John is that he says, 'Harsh winters and recent flooding have caused major problems to our roads…we will re-route roads and resurface them to improve the network'. (1 mark — evidence drawn from Source 1)
2. One reason to vote for John is that he says, 'Harsh winters and recent flooding have caused major problems to our roads…we will re-route roads and resurface them to improve the network.' This is backed up by Source 3 which states 'Climate change is having an impact on the road network within the province with several roads virtually washed away this year.' (2 marks — evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 3)
3. 'Adult unemployment is too high in Florin' (Source 1). This links to Source 2 which highlights that adult unemployment is 4% higher in Florin compared to Andacia and also Source 3 which says thousands of adults are no longer employed in traditional industries
4. 'I also plan to ensure more medical staff are recruited in order to deal with hospital shortages.' (Source 1) which links to Source 2 as 62% of people agree with more healthcare staff being needed
5. 'I will look to increase tourism to pre-COVID-19 levels given how important it is to the Florin economy.' (Source 1) which links with Source 3 which says that tourism levels have dropped and businesses are calling on the Florin government to do more to support tourism.

Option 2 — Reasons for rejecting the other option

1. People may reject Avril as she says will aim to improve law and order due to high crime rates, but Source 2 shows that crime rates in Florin are actually over 2,000 fewer per 100,000 than the Andacian average which shows that this is significantly lower than Andacia. (3 marks — evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 2 with an evaluative comment)

Possible approaches to answering the question — TERRORISM

1. One consequence of terrorism on the wider international community is the need for increased cooperation between different countries' police and intelligence services. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of terrorism on the wider international community is the need for increased cooperation between different countries' police and intelligence services. As many terrorist organisations are multi-national and recruit from across a variety of countries, intelligence regarding potential terrorist threats must be shared between countries. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of terrorism on the wider international community is the need for increased cooperation between different countries' police and intelligence services. As many terrorist organisations are multi-national and recruit from across a variety of countries, intelligence regarding potential terrorist threats must be shared between countries. For example, Europol helps to share intelligence gathered regarding various terrorist threats across Europe, especially regarding ISIS. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. heightened security
2. increased tension between states
3. military action
4. growth in alliances
5. need for international aid
6. trade
7. spread of disease/viruses
8. refugees.

Possible approaches to answering the question — DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. Non-military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Non-military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. Many problems faced by countries in these areas, such as poor education and poor housing, have been created due to civil war and more military involvement would only make it more difficult to resolve. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Non-military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. Many problems faced by countries in these areas, such as poor education and poor housing, have been created due to civil war and more military involvement would only make it more difficult to resolve. For example, in Sierra Leone there is still an adult literacy rate of only 43.2% showing that the education system is still to fully recover from their civil war. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. non-military options would work better, for example, in tackling Ebola
2. UN Agencies (WHO, ILO etc)
3. humanitarian responses
4. improve trade
5. fewer casualties from other countries
6. costs less
7. political reasons
8. attempts to prevent further conflict/civilian casualties
9. reduce threat of terrorism
10. prevent conflict spreading to other regions.

Possible approaches to answering the question — UNDER-DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. One economic cause of under-development in Africa is due to governments having large debts. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic cause of under-development in Africa is due to governments having large debts. This means the repayments take funding away from public services such as education and health. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One economic cause of under-development in Africa is due to governments having large debts. This means the repayments take funding away from public services such as education and health. For example, Nigeria has a government debt of $54.8 billion which prevents them investing in areas such as housing. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. oil and gas
2. poverty
3. greed
4. corruption
5. poor investment levels
6. economic downturn
7. trade.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The world power that I have studied is the USA. One economic issue that some people experience is unemployment. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The world power that I have studied is the USA. One economic issue that some people experience is unemployment. Many of the 5.2 million unemployed (August 2021) Americans are living in poverty and struggling to meet their needs. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The world power that I have studied is China. One economic issue that some people experience is restrictions on migration. This can lead to people living in poverty and struggling to meet their needs. For example, migrant workers can struggle to find employment and are unable to support their families as they do not have Hukou registration. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. low levels of income
2. poor educational attainment
3. poor health
4. discrimination, for example, racism
5. illegal immigration.

Possible approaches to answering the question — CHINA

1. Representation in China is not equal as some people are better represented in government due to being in the Communist Party. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Representation in China is not equal as some people are better represented in government due to being in the Communist Party. The party has over 90 million members who can have their voices heard compared to those who are not members. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. One reason why representation in politics is not equal in the US is because it is very expensive to stand as a candidate. Candidates have a better chance of success if they have access to wealthy donors. In 2020 the Biden campaign cost approximately $6.6 billion. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. income/poverty
2. urban/rural divide
3. migrant workers
4. education
5. gender
6. ethnicity.

Possible approaches to answering the question — South Africa

1. South Africa has political influence on other countries because it is a key member of the African Union. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. South Africa has political influence on other countries because it is a key member of the African Union. There are 55 members and South Africa is able to influence other members due to its size and scale of economy. (2 marks — accurate point with development)

Possible approaches to answering the question — USA

1. The US has political influence on other countries due to the status it has on the international stage. The US has encouraged China to cooperate on cutting emissions. During the COP26 summit a US/China declaration was agreed to address the climate crisis. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. membership of organisations such as UN, NATO, AU
2. bi-lateral meetings/visits
3. using trade/aid etc to exert influence.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One role of the children's hearing system is to listen and make legal decisions with and for infants, children and young people. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One role of the children's hearing system is to listen and make legal decisions with and for infants, children and young people. The panel hear information from young people and key adults in an informal setting on which they base their decisions. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One role of the children's hearing system is to listen and make legal decisions with and for infants, children and young people. The panel hear information from young people and key adults in an informal setting on which they base their decisions. For example, the panel may decide to impose a compulsory supervision order stating where the young person must live. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. to protect and support vulnerable children that there are concerns about
2. to deal with young people who are committing offences
3. to support families
4. to help with young people who are not attending school
5. to stop infants/children/young people being neglected or abused
6. to protect the rights of the child
7. to work with outside agencies to meet the needs of the child.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One consequence of crime on families is that a parent may be put in prison. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on families is that a parent may be put in prison. This in some cases could be the loss of the 'breadwinner' and the family may struggle to survive as a result. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on families is that a parent may be put in prison. This in some cases could be the loss of the 'breadwinner' and the family may struggle to survive as a result. For example, some families may no longer be able to afford their rent or mortgage payments and may lose their family home. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. emotional distress
2. financial problems
3. stigma/family reputation
4. outcasts in local community
5. prison visits — costs and emotional effects
6. children — more likely to end up involved in crime/performance in school affected/bullying
7. mental health issues
8. break up of families.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Alternatives to prison are effective punishments as the perpetrator is less likely to reoffend. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Alternatives to prison are effective punishments as the perpetrator is less likely to reoffend. For example, Community Payback Orders give access to programmes to help with the causes of offending. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Alternatives to prison are effective punishments as the perpetrator is less likely to reoffend. For example, Community Payback Orders give access to programmes to help with the causes of offending. CPOs mean offenders give something back to the community and take responsibility for their actions. Reconviction rates for those serving community sentences are 14% lower than for those serving time in jail, according to the Howard League for Penal Reform. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. restorative justice: victim — satisfaction/facing their fear; perpetrator — guilt and reality check/less likely to reoffend.
2. prison only creates more criminals
3. more cost effective — money can be spent elsewhere tackling crime
4. rehabilitation — tackling the root of the problem is more effective
5. fine — white-collar crime — this would be more effective than prison as a deterrence.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The government has attempted to reduce inequality by providing financial benefits to people who can't work. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The government has attempted to reduce inequality by providing financial benefits to people who can't work. One type of benefit is called Universal Credit. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The government has attempted to reduce inequality by providing financial benefits to people who can't work. One type of benefit is called Universal Credit. Claimants of this benefit must meet a certain criteria and face penalties if they fail to do so. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. other financial benefits available, for example: child benefit; Personal Independence Payment (PIP) for people with illness, disability or mental health condition; Disability Living Allowance (DLA) for parents/carers of a disabled child; state pension.
2. increasing wages through the National Living Wage
3. providing health care through the NHS
4. housing benefits
5. education: student loans, scholarships and bursaries.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One consequence of social and economic inequality on families is that they live in poverty. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of social and economic inequality on families is that they live in poverty. Parents will worry a lot about money and making ends meet and this could cause poor mental health. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of social and economic inequality on families is that they live in poverty. Parents will worry a lot about money and making ends meet and this could cause poor mental health. Children living in families where there is poverty, have been found to be more likely to experience adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as domestic violence, separation/divorce and abuse. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. more likely to have lower life expectancy
2. rely on free school meals
3. less likely to do well at school
4. miss out on things like school trips, holidays, extra-curricular activities
5. live in inadequate housing
6. live in areas affected by crime
7. more likely to develop mental health problems
8. more likely to be socially excluded
9. stuck in a 'cycle of poverty'.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Women experience inequality because of discrimination. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Women experience inequality because of discrimination. Some women are still paid less than men for the same work. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Women experience inequality because of discrimination. Some women are still paid less than men for the same work. For example, female GPs are paid up to 33% less than male GPs. This is 10% higher than the overall NHS gender pay gap which is 23%. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Gender

1. 'motherhood penalty'
2. women are still more likely to be in low paid and low skilled jobs
3. impact of the 'glass ceiling.'

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Age

1. age discrimination in employment
2. some elderly are very wealthy: occupational and private pensions v state pension
3. ageist attitudes.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Minority ethnic groups

1. 'glass door' effect leading to unemployment, under representation in jobs/politics
2. poorer education attainment
3. racist attitudes, harassment, victims of crime.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Social class

1. less likely to do well at school
2. more likely to be victim of crime
3. more likely to suffer from social exclusion
4. more likely to have low pay/be unemployed
5. cycle of poverty.

Evidence to support Sally Frost's view that Physical Activity Labelling should be made compulsory in the UK

1. Source 1 states that Physical Activity Labelling (PAL) would be one way of improving overall health by encouraging the reduction in calorie intake. (1 mark — accurate use of Source 1 but minimal development)
2. Source 1 states: 'It could be a way to reduce overeating', which links to Source 3 where Nasir states 'obesity leads to so many health issues (such as heart disease, strokes and diabetes) so if this helps people indulge less, it should be given a chance'. (2 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence)
3. Source 1 states: 'A recent study indicates that there is support for the introduction of PAL and that people asked thought it might change their behaviour.' This links to Source 2 which highlights 61% of people asked were very likely or somewhat likely to make changes to their eating habits because of PAL. This is almost two thirds of those asked. (3 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 2 linking two pieces of evidence with evaluation)
4. Source 1 states it could 'encourage people to exercise more to burn off the calories they have consumed'
5. each year the UK spends £47 billion on the treatment of obesity which is a burden on the NHS
6. Source 3, Leo, states 'Treating diabetes is a major problem for the NHS – anything that helps save the health service money has to be good'.

Evidence to oppose Sally Frost's view that Physical Activity Labelling should be made compulsory in the UK

1. An international study in 2018 reported no significant reduction in calories from PAL. (1 mark — accurate use of Source 1 but minimal development)
2. Source 1 says that PAL could prove confusing alongside existing traffic light labelling and this links to Source 3 and the comment from Sophie 'Food packaging already has lots of information so adding more may confuse people'. (2 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence)
3. Source 1 says that 'a 'snack tax' on biscuits, cakes, chocolates and sweets would be more likely than PAL to change consumer purchasing.' This links to Source 2 which shows that a majority of people (52%) did think that a snack tax would be likely to encourage people to change their eating habits. This is significantly more than those who said it would be unlikely to change their eating habits, (35%). (3 marks — accurate information linked from two sources with some evaluation of the information)
4. Source 1 'people spend very little time looking at food packaging before deciding whether to buy it or not', linked to Source 3, Sophie, 'I have my doubts this will make a difference as people pay little attention to food labels'
5. 'This will increase eating disorders' (Molly, Source 3)
6. 'People already take some responsibility for their choices: we're already very well informed with existing food labels and the importance of regular exercise'. (Josh, Source 3)
7. Source 1 states, 'around two thirds of adults in the UK take regular exercise as a way of keeping healthy'.