2023 exam paper

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One feature of the Additional Member System is that the result is proportional. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One feature of the Additional Member System is that the result is proportional. This is because the percentage of seats reflects the percentage of votes cast for political parties. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One feature of the Additional Member System is that the result is proportional. This is because the percentage of seats reflects the percentage of votes cast for political parties. For example, in the 2021 election to the Scottish Parliament the Conservative Party gained 23.5% of the vote and gained 24% of the seats. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. two votes — greater choice
2. ‘split ticket’
3. advantageous to smaller parties
4. fewer wasted votes
5. coalitions.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One way individuals can participate in election campaigns is by canvassing. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way individuals can participate in election campaigns is by canvassing. Traditionally, supporters of a party would go door to door looking to generate support for their favoured candidate or party. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way individuals can participate in election campaigns is by canvassing. Traditionally, supporters of a party would go door to door looking to generate support for their favoured candidate or party. For example, a member of the SNP might have canvassed for Nicola Sturgeon, within her constituency of Glasgow Southside, during the 2021 Scottish Parliamentary elections. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poster in window to show support
2. retweet/share social media post
3. donate money to a campaign
4. promote policies using car/loudspeaker
5. join a political party
6. become party activist
7. leafleting.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. TV, newspapers and radio are free to report on, and criticise the actions of the government. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. TV, newspapers and radio are free to report on, and criticise the actions of the government. For example, the Scottish media were critical of the Scottish Government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. TV, newspapers and radio are free to report on, and criticise the actions of the government. For example, the Scottish media were critical of the Scottish Government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. This means that the government must be ready to answer for any actions or policy failures that are reported. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. provides easy access to representatives — social media
2. educate the public on important issues
3. stimulates public debate on issues of importance
4. promotes participation in the decision-making process
5. measures public opinion.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The First Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The First Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. This makes them powerful as they can surround themselves with people who agree with and support their ideas. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The First Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. This makes them powerful as they can surround themselves with people who agree with and support their ideas. For example, in 2023 the First Minister Humza Yousaf appointed Shona Robison to the post of Deputy First Minister. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. The First Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. This makes them powerful as they can surround themselves with people who agree with and support their ideas. For example, in 2021 then First Minister Nicola Sturgeon appointed Shirley-Anne Somerville to the position of Cabinet Secretary for Education. This meant they had to work closely together on matters relating to education and as a cabinet member she supported the First Minister in public. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. attend international meetings on behalf of the government
2. meets with international leaders and Heads of State
3. strategic policy direction
4. leader of the largest party in the Scottish Parliament.

Option 1: Vote for Gillian Garfield

1. I have chosen Option 1, because in Source 1 Gillian Garfield states that she would campaign for improved mental health services for young people. (1 marks — evidence drawn from Source 1)
2. I have chosen Option 1, because in Source 1 Gillian Garfield states that she would campaign for improved mental health services for young people. This can be linked to Source 2 where it shows that 75% of those asked agree or strongly agree that mental health services for young people should be improved. (2 marks — evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 2)
3. I have chosen Option 1, because in Source 1 Gillian Garfield states that she would campaign for improved mental health services for young people. This can be linked to Source 2 where it shows that 75% of those asked agree or strongly agree that mental health services for young people should be improved. This can also be linked to Source 3 which states that since the COVID-19 pandemic there has been an increase in mental health referrals and a lack of resources to meet this need. (3 marks — evidence drawn from three sources)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. improved access to free leisure activities (Source 1) links to Source 2 where 19% agree and 40% strongly agree that leisure activities should be made more affordable, and Source 3, ‘most of the facilities, such as gyms, are privately owned and are too expensive for young people to become members.’
2. encouraging the Scottish Government to make political literacy a mandatory part of the school curriculum (Source 1) links to Source 2 where 66% either agree or strongly agree that political literacy should be a core subject in school.

Reasons for rejecting the other option:

1. I could have picked Option 2, Jake Holland, because in Source 1 it states that he believes decision-makers ignore the voices of young people but he is wrong because Source 2 shows that three quarters of young voters disagree or strongly disagree that young people are ignored by decision-makers. (2 marks — evidence linked from Source 1 and Source 2)

Option 2: Vote for Jake Holland

1. I have chosen Option 2, because in Source 1 it states that Jake will campaign for improved LGBTQ rights for young people. (1 marks — evidence linked from Source 1)
2. I have chosen Option 2, because in Source 1 it states that Jake will campaign for improved LGBTQ rights for young people. This links to Source 2 where it says 62% of those asked agree or strongly agree for improved LGBTQ rights for young people. (2 marks — evidence linked from Sources 1 and 2)
3. I have chosen Option 2, because in Source 1 it states that Jake will campaign for improved LGBTQ rights for young people. This links to Source 2 where it says 62% of those asked agree or strongly agree for improved LGBTQ rights. This is nearly two-thirds of the young people polled and a clear majority demonstrating strong support for improved LGBTQ rights for young people. (3 marks — evidence drawn from two sources, with evaluative comment)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. ‘I will lobby the Scottish Government to build more affordable housing for young people’ (Source 1) links with Source 3 where it says that young people in the area recently submitted a petition highlighting the need for more affordable housing for the 16-24-year-old age group and Source 2 which shows that 70% either agree or strongly agree that there needs to be more affordable housing for young people
2. poverty is a key priority (Source 1) links with Source 3 — ‘There is also a concern in relation to the cost of living. One local charity has indicated that some young people are worried about paying their household bills.’

Reasons for rejecting the other option:

1. I could have picked Option 1, Gillian Garfield, as she states ‘I will work to ensure there is a greater police presence in the local area to ensure that everyone feels safe and secure’. However, Source 3 states ‘there has been a higher police presence in the area which has been welcomed by the local community. This has reduced the number of hate crimes. Whilst people now report that they feel safer. . .’ (2 marks — evidence linked from Sources 1 and 3)

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One feature of First Past the Post is that it is easy to understand. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One feature of First Past the Post is that it is easy to understand. Voters simply mark an ‘X’ next to the candidate of their choice. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One feature of First Past the Post is that it is easy to understand. Voters simply mark an ‘X’ next to the candidate of their choice. For example, in the Glasgow South constituency, voters had six candidates to choose from and Stewart McDonald won more votes than any other candidate. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. results are known quickly
2. produces disproportionate results
3. creates a two-horse race
4. normally produces a majority government
5. creates marginal/safe seats
6. liked by voters.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One way individuals can participate in election campaigns is by canvassing. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way individuals can participate in election campaigns is by canvassing. Traditionally, supporters of a party would go door to door looking to generate support for their favoured candidate or party. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way individuals can participate in election campaigns is by canvassing. Traditionally, supporters of a party would go door to door looking to generate support for their favoured candidate or party. For example, a member of the Conservative Party might have canvassed for Douglas Ross, within the constituency of Moray, during the 2019 general election. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poster in window to show support
2. retweet/share social media post
3. donate money to a campaign
4. promote policies using car/loudspeaker
5. join a political party
6. become a party activist
7. leafleting.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. TV, newspapers and radio are free to report on, and criticise the actions of the government. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. TV, newspapers and radio are free to report on, and criticise the actions of the government. For example, the UK media were critical of the UK Government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. The media is influential within a democracy because they hold the government to account. TV, newspapers and radio are free to report on, and criticise the actions of the government. For example, the UK media were critical of the UK Government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. This means that the government must be ready to answer for any actions or policy failures that are reported. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. provides easy access to representatives — social media
2. educate the public on important issues
3. stimulates public debate on issues of importance
4. promotes participation in the decision-making process
5. measures public opinion.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. This makes them powerful as they can surround themselves with people who agree with and support their ideas. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. This makes them powerful as they can surround themselves with people who agree with and support their ideas. For example, the Prime Minister Rishi Sunak appointed Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor in October 2022. (3 marks — accurate point with development and)
4. The Prime Minister is very powerful because they can hire and fire individuals to help them run the country. This makes them powerful as they can surround themselves with people who agree with and support their ideas. For example, then Prime Minister Liz Truss appointed Jeremy Hunt as Chancellor in 2022. This meant they had to work closely together on matters relating to finance and as a cabinet member he supported the Prime Minister in public. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. attend international meetings on behalf of the government
2. meets with international leaders and Heads of State
3. strategic policy direction
4. leader of the largest party in the House of Commons
5. executive authority of the armed forces.

Evidence to support Sheila Connor’s view that Andacia has made environmental improvements in recent years:

1. The Andacian government has passed several laws to try and reduce pollution levels (Source 1). (1 mark — accurate use of Source 1 but minimal development)
2. The Andacian government has passed several laws to try and reduce pollution levels (Source 1). This is supported by Source 3 where Laura has said that these new laws have led to over a 30% drop in air pollution levels. (2 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence)
3. The Andacian government has passed several laws to try and reduce pollution levels (Source 1). This is supported by Source 3 where Laura has said these new laws have led to over a 30% drop in air pollution levels which is a significant reduction. (3 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence with evaluation)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Andacia Environmental Protection Act (2019) which created much stricter rules around what waste could be legally dumped (Source 1)
2. Alternative Energies Act (2010) to move away from traditional fuels such as coal (Source 1)
3. companies have improved water quality in rivers by removing chemicals from waste products (Source 1)
4. wind turbine targets met by 2022 (Sources 1, 2 and 3)
5. Nikki — ‘There has been a big increase in the fish and wildlife in my local river in recent years as there are less chemicals being added.’ (Source 3)
6. Laura — ‘It is great to see that the government has listened to environmental protests and introduced new laws to protect Andacia.’ (Source 3)

Evidence to oppose Sheila Connor’s view that Andacia has made environmental improvements in recent years:

1. Andacians are dying due to the air pollution in our cities according to Mustafa (Source 3). (1 mark — accurate use of Source 3 but minimal development)
2. Andacians are dying due to the air pollution in our cities according to Mustafa (Source 3). This is backed up by Source 1 which states air pollution contributes to the death of over 15,000 people each year. (2 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence)
3. Andacians are dying due to the air pollution in our cities according to Mustafa (Source 3). This is backed up by Source 1 which states air pollution contributes to the death of over 15,000 people each year. This is an issue for the government as it is ten times more deaths as those who die in car accidents. (3 marks — accurate use of Source 1 and Source 3 linking two pieces of evidence with evaluation)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. it has relied on primary industries such as mining in the past which are now seen as bad for the environment (Source 1)
2. there have still been local problems with chemicals leaking into rivers (Source 1)
3. factories are adding greenhouse gases through their energy use and their refusal to install solar panels due to the financial burden that this would bring (Source 1)
4. companies have been issued with significant fines (Source 1)
5. this has caused outrage amongst environmental pressure groups in Andacia who have called for immediate action (Source 1)
6. increase in greenhouse gas emissions (Source 2)
7. Aiden — ‘Environmental change is too slow. As a country we still rely on traditional energy sources which are causing an increase in greenhouse gas emissions.’ (Source 3)

ISSUE: SYRIAN CONFLICT

1. One military attempt to resolve the conflict in Syria was the use of the air strikes. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One military attempt to resolve the conflict in Syria was the use of air strikes. Air strikes can damage infrastructure, preventing troops and equipment being transported to other areas. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One military attempt to resolve the conflict in Syria was the use of air strikes. Air strikes can damage infrastructure, preventing troops and equipment being transported to other areas. In 2018, the US, UK and France launched air strikes on chemical weapon facilities in Syria. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. drone attacks
2. providing military support and training
3. military aid
4. humanitarian aid
5. UN peacekeeping troops
6. NATO response
7. responses from the African Union.

ISSUE: TERRORISM

1. One social cause of terrorism is discrimination. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One social cause of terrorism is discrimination. Certain groups feel that they are targeted because of their religious ideas and beliefs. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One social cause of terrorism is discrimination. Certain groups feel that they are targeted because of their religious ideas and beliefs. For example, the 2021 Liverpool hospital attack was carried out by a sympathiser of ISIS. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. social isolation
2. lack of healthcare provision
3. peer pressure
4. lack of education provision
5. radicalisation.

ISSUE: CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

1. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. Throughout the conflict millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge abroad. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. Throughout the conflict millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge abroad. For example, approximately 12 million people have fled their homes with approximately 1.5 million fleeing to nearby Poland. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. Throughout the conflict millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge abroad. For example, approximately 12 million people have fled their homes with approximately 1.5 million fleeing to nearby Poland. Ukrainian citizens have often had to leave their families and jobs in order to survive. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis).

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. separation of families
2. loss of earnings
3. loss of education
4. death/physical harm
5. financial impact
6. vulnerable to exploitation.

USA

1. The US has had military influence by supporting Ukraine in the Russia/Ukraine conflict. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The US has had military influence by supporting Ukraine in the Russia/Ukraine conflict. They have supplied equipment such as anti-armour and anti-aircraft munitions. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The US has had military influence by supporting Ukraine in the Russia/Ukraine conflict. They have supplied equipment such as anti-armour and anti-aircraft munitions. Since January 2021, the US has committed more than $13.5 billion in security assistance to Ukraine. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. military size
2. membership of alliances
3. military bases
4. spending
5. sharing intelligence
6. use of the veto in the UN Security Council.

USA

1. People in the US have the right to protest. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. People in the US have the right to protest about issues they feel strongly about such as racism in the police. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. People in the US have the right to protest about issues they feel strongly about such as racism in the police. In 2020, over 20 million US citizens took part in Black Lives Matter protests. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

China

1. In China citizens can vote. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. In China citizens can vote. They are able to vote in local village elections to choose village leaders. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. In China citizens can vote. They are able to vote in local village elections to choose village leaders. In some areas villagers have used this right to remove corrupt officials, for example in Guangdong province. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (dependent on the world power chosen):

1. the right to join a pressure group
2. the right to join a political party
3. the right to lobby a representative
4. the right to freedom of expression
5. the right to free assembly.

Brazil

1. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. They move from the rural North-East to the cities of the South-East. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. They move from the rural North-East to the cities of the South-East. Cities in the South-East, such as Rio de Janeiro, have more employment opportunities than rural areas. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One reason why some groups are more socially and economically successful than others is due to migration. They move from the rural North-East to the cities of the South-East. Cities in the South-East, such as Rio de Janeiro, have more employment opportunities than rural areas. These jobs are often in the service sector and while often not well paid, they are better than the jobs in the countryside, allowing people to be more economically successful. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

USA

1. In the US, many Asian Americans are economically successful because they are more likely to have had a good education. Asian Americans have very low school dropout rates compared to other groups. As a result, Asian teenagers have an average SAT score of 1,223. Asian Americans have the highest SAT score of all ethnic groups and are more likely to go to university. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. employment
2. poverty and inequality
3. discrimination
4. population movement
5. health
6. education
7. housing
8. crime and the law.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of crime on victims is that they are left traumatised. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on victims is that they are left traumatised. This might be because as a victim they were attacked which leaves them afraid to leave their home. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on victims is that they are left traumatised. This might be because as a victim they were attacked which leaves them afraid to leave their home. For example, victims of crime often experience trauma as a result of violent crime which might need to be treated with medication. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. death/physical harm
2. breakdown in relationships
3. loss of belongings/cost
4. increased insurance premiums
5. decline in mental health
6. relocation
7. unemployment.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. People who grow up in a household with family members involved in crime are themselves more likely to become involved in crime. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. People who grow up in a household with family members involved in crime are themselves more likely to become involved in crime. For example, children of prisoners are three times more likely to engage in anti-social or offending behaviour. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. People who grow up in a household with family members involved in crime are themselves more likely to become involved in crime. For example, children of prisoners are three times more likely to engage in anti-social or offending behaviour. This may be due to the fact that stigma for these children can result in bullying by classmates and often they are also at higher risk of developing mental health issues. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. ACES
2. peer pressure
3. drugs and alcohol
4. gangs
5. local community — high crime rate
6. lack of opportunities
7. poor housing
8. exclusion from school.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One reason why the police are not effective in tackling crime is that they do not fully understand the scale and impact of hate crime. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why the police are not effective in tackling crime is that they do not fully understand the scale and impact of hate crime. This is due to a lack of training and problems with data collection. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why the police are not effective in tackling crime is that they do not fully understand the scale and impact of hate crime. This is due to a lack of training and problems with data collection. For example, the police watchdog, in 2021, stated that hate crime was not a clear priority for the police force. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. institutionalised racism/sexism
2. recruitment crisis
3. high profile failures leading to lack of trust
4. organised crime
5. limited presence.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of social and economic inequality is living in poverty. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of social and economic inequality is living in poverty. This can be caused by unemployment which means people have a low income. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of social and economic inequality is living in poverty. This can be caused by unemployment which means people have a low income. For example, people who are unemployed may have to rely on Universal Credit. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poor health
2. poor housing/homelessness
3. debt
4. social exclusion
5. poor lifestyle choices.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Lower educational attainment means that some people will have fewer qualifications and so will find it harder to get well-paid jobs. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Lower educational attainment means that some people have fewer qualifications and so will not be able to access further and higher education. This means they will find it harder to progress into well-paid careers. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Lower educational attainment means that some people have fewer qualifications and so will not be able to access further and higher education. This means they will find it harder to progress into well-paid careers. In Scotland, 59.3% of the least deprived students go on to Higher education, compared with 25.9% of the most deprived. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Lower educational attainment means that some people have fewer qualifications and so will not be able to access further and higher education. This means they will find it harder to progress into well-paid careers. In Scotland, 59.3% of the least deprived students go on to Higher education, compared with 25.9% of the most deprived. This is called the ‘attainment gap’ and it has a direct impact on future earnings. Evidence from ONS has found the highest earning full-time employee jobs were paid almost five times as much per hour as the lowest paid which shows that a well-paid, professional job will make a big difference to household income. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. impact of living in deprived v affluent areas
2. social exclusion
3. impact of ethnicity
4. cycle of poverty.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Voluntary sector charities have shops which raise funds to tackle certain issues within communities. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Voluntary sector charities have shops which raise funds to tackle certain issues within communities. These funds can be used for targeted projects to support specific groups such as young people or the elderly. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Voluntary sector charities have shops which raise funds to tackle certain issues within communities. These funds can be used for targeted projects to support specific groups such as young people or the elderly. For example, Barnardo’s charity shops raise funds to support projects that work with young people involved in substance abuse. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. Voluntary sector charities have shops which raise funds to help deprived groups. These funds are then used to provide opportunities and support for specific groups. For example, Barnardo’s charity shops raise funds to support projects that work with young people involved in substance abuse. By doing this they are tackling the root cause of the issue to improve life chances for young people. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. tackling hunger for example, food banks
2. supporting health and wellbeing, for example care in the community
3. provide advice for example, Age Concern and British Red Cross
4. providing helplines to assist people
5. Citizen’s Advice service
6. befriending services.

THE NUMBER OF COVID-19 CASES AMONGST PRISONERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES BETWEEN JUNE AND SEPTEMBER 2020

1. Conclusion: none Evidence: Source 1 states that there were 500 confirmed cases in June 2020 and Source 3 states there were 1,783 likely cases in September 2020. (1 mark — correct identification of information)
2. Conclusion: There was an increase in the number of prisoners with COVID-19 between June and September 2020. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
3. Conclusion: There was an increase in the number of prisoners with COVID-19 between June and September 2020. Evidence: Source 1 states that there were 500 confirmed cases in June 2020 and Source 3 states there were 1,783 likely cases in September 2020. (2 marks — valid conclusion with evidence)
4. Conclusion: There was an increase in the number of prisoners with COVID-19 between June and September 2020. Evidence: Source 1 states that there were 500 confirmed cases in June 2020 and Source 3 states there were 1,783 likely cases in September 2020. This shows that the numbers had increased by more than three times. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)

THE ABILITY OF FAMILIES TO COMMUNICATE WITH PRISONERS DURING THE COVID-19 LOCKDOWN

1. Conclusion: Families found it very easy to communicate with prisoners during COVID-19. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: Families found it very easy to communicate with prisoners during COVID-19. Evidence: Source 2 shows that 77% of those surveyed said it was easy or very easy to communicate with prisoners during COVID-19. This is supported by Source 1 which highlights that around 70% of cells in England and Wales now had in-cell telephones and a high number of mobile phones were issued. (2 marks — valid conclusion and two pieces of evidence, however no evaluative terminology)
3. Conclusion: Families found it very easy to communicate with prisoners during COVID-19. Evidence: Source 2 shows that 77% of those surveyed said it was easy or very easy to communicate with prisoners during COVID-19. This is supported by Source 1 which highlights that around 70% of cells in England and Wales now had in-cell telephones and a high number of mobile phones were issued. This helps explain why the vast majority of families, almost 80%, found it easy to communicate. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)

PUBLIC OPINION ON THE ISSUING OF MOBILE PHONES IN PRISON DURING THE COVID-19 LOCKDOWN

1. Conclusion: The public disagreed with the issuing of mobile phones in prison. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: The public disagreed with the issuing of mobile phones in prison. Evidence: Source 2 shows that 75% of those surveyed, which is a significant majority, either disagreed or strongly disagreed with prisoners being issued with a mobile phone during lockdown. This links to Source 1 which highlights this was seen as a controversial move amongst the public. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)

EARLY RELEASE FROM PRISON IN ENGLAND AND WALES DUE TO COVID-19 COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES

1. Conclusion: There were fewer prisoners released early in England and Wales in comparison to the other countries. (1 mark — valid conclusion)
2. Conclusion: There were fewer prisoners released early in England and Wales in comparison to the other countries. Evidence: Source 3 highlights that only 275 prisoners were released in England and Wales by August 2020. Source 3, however, also shows that other countries took a much more extreme approach to early release, for example Iran released 85,000 prisoners with Turkey releasing 45,000 and both Indonesia and Brazil releasing 30,000 each. (3 marks — valid conclusion with evidence and evaluative terminology)